• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1037-1041
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• 2007

With the advent of sound field simulator, many sound fields have been reproduced by obtaining the impulse responses of specific acoustic spaces like famous concert hall, opera house. This sound field reproduction has been done by the linear convolution operation between the sound input signal and the impulse response of certain acoustic space. However, the conventional finite impulse response based linear convolution operation always makes real-time implementation of sound field generator impossible due to the large amount of computational burden. This paper introduces the fast convolution method using perceptual redundancy in the processed signals, input audio signal and room impulse response. Temporal and spectral psycho-acoustic filters considering masking effects are implemented in the proposed convolution structure. It reduces the computational burden of convolution methods for realtime implementation of a sound field generator. The conventional convolutions are compared with the proposed one in views of computational burden and sound quality. In the proposed method, a considerable reduction in the computational burden was realized with acceptable changes in sound quality.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.231-237
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• 2008

With the advent of sound field simulator, many sound fields have been reproduced by obtaining the impulse responses of specific acoustic spaces like famous concert hall, opera house. This sound field reproduction has been done by the linear convolution operation between the sound input signal and the impulse response of certain acoustic space. However, the conventional finite impulse response based linear convolution operation always makes real-time implementation of sound field generator impossible due to the large amount of computational burden. This paper introduces the fast convolution method using perceptual redundancy in the processed signals, input audio signal and room impulse response. Temporal and spectral real-time masking blocks are implemented in the proposed convolution structure. It reduces the computational burden of convolution methods for real-time implementation of a sound field generator. The conventional convolutions are compared with the proposed one in views of computational burden and sound quality. In the proposed method, a considerable reduction in the computational burden was realized with acceptable changes in sound quality.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.308-322
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• 2004

Purpose: 'The purpose of the present study was to understand students' experiences from their standpoint, to identify relevant variables and to examine into their relations by analyzing and describing what phenomenon 'nursing students' visiting ambulatory bathing service' is, what are the reasons for the phenomenon, and what interactions are in the phenomenon. Method: The subjects were thirteen students. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed by Strauss and Corbin's analysis method. Result: With regard to ambulatory bathing service, participants responded 'lack of education', 'inexperienced personal relations' and 'disappointment with recipients families'. They recognized 'burden' and 'compassion'. The intensity of generated 'burden' and 'compassion' was determined by volunteering persons, the degree of health care service, recipients' response and interaction of climate. When 'burden' and 'compassion' were generated, participants selected their own coping strategies. Strategies in the situation of 'burden' and 'compassion' were significantly influenced by 'burden' and 'compassion' and structural situation - 'mutual relation structure,' 'volunteers' capability,' 'the degree of volunteering guidance,' 'community participation,' 'recipients' environment,' 'information sharing,' 'special vehicle equipment' and 'economical burden.' Strategies include' service training,' 'receiving volunteering training,' 'preliminary service preparation,' 'volunteering.' 'connection to local medical center,' 'intention,' 'information sharing,' 'passive response to recipients' appreciation' and 'the understanding of publicity'. The results of selected 'burden' and 'compassion' are described with 'worthiness' and 'cohesion' as follows. Conclusion: This study is significantly meaningful in that it examined bathing service welfare in its initial stage. There are not much outcome from previous studies. However. it is meaningful that this study intended to develop theories on the nature of experiences and the relations among concepts derived from the visiting ambulatory bathing service process of nursing students. Professors who taught social volunteering in universities understood the experience of nursing students who did the visiting ambulatory bathing service. Consequently, professors will provide an effective instruction to enable these students to carry out visiting ambulatory bathing services efficiently in order to meet demands when they conduct the services. For the volunteering service activity in major-related fields among college students' social volunteering activities, they recognized the necessity of systematic education and preparation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.309-314
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• 2014

Purpose: Cigarette smoking causes many kinds of cancer, and it is more closely related with lung cancer, rather than other cancers. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer and ninety percent of the smokers are male in China, but there is little published data concerning the psychological responses in the male smokers with lung cancer and its influence on the symptom burden. The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that male smokers with lung cancer have more positive attitude and less symptom burden, comparing to male non-smokers. Methods: A total of 194 men with cancer in West China Hospital, Sichuan, China, were assessed by self-administered questionnaire. Psychological response was measured by the Chinese version of Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale (Mini-MAC), and symptom burden was measured by the physical symptom distress scale from the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (RSCL). Results: We found that smokers with lung cancer got higher scores in positive attitude and a smaller symptom burden than non-smokers. Patients with education lower than high school got higher scores of positive attitude compared to college graduate patients (p=0.038). Smokers with lung cancer who knew the potential carcinogenicity of cigarette showed less negative emotions (p=0.011). The psychological response was not affected by age, clinical stage, cell type, smoking duration and amount. Conclusions: Male smokers with lung cancer have a more positive attitude and fewer symptoms, comparing to male non-smokers. Appropriate psychological intervention for non-smokers with lung cancer deserves more attention.

• Yonsei Medical Journal
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• v.59 no.9
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• pp.1123-1130
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• 2018

Purpose: Exposure to indoor radon is associated with lung cancer. This study aimed to estimate the number of lung cancer deaths attributable to indoor radon exposure, its burden of disease, and the effects of radon mitigation in Korea in 2010. Materials and Methods: Lung cancer deaths due to indoor radon exposure were estimated using exposure-response relations reported in previous studies. Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated to quantify disease burden in relation to premature deaths. Mitigation effects were examined under scenarios in which all homes with indoor radon concentrations above a specified level were remediated below the level. Results: The estimated number of lung cancer deaths attributable to indoor radon exposure ranged from 1946 to 3863, accounting for 12.5-24.7% of 15623 total lung cancer deaths in 2010. YLLs due to premature deaths were estimated at 43140-101855 years (90-212 years per 100000 population). If all homes with radon levels above $148Bq/m^3$ are effectively remediated, 502-732 lung cancer deaths and 10972-18479 YLLs could be prevented. Conclusion: These findings suggest that indoor radon exposure contributes considerably to lung cancer, and that reducing indoor radon concentration would be helpful for decreasing the disease burden from lung cancer deaths.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.211-224
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate gender differences in the Korean Medical Community. Methods: Participants in the research study included 90 students regularly attending the fourth grade in Korean Medicine College, of which 48 were male and 42 were female. Results: 1. Patient's preferences for female KMD (Korean Medicine Doctor) had the lowest response rate in Korean Medical Society. Preferences for male KMD were due to factors including comfort level, rationality, good training, and patient's preference. 2. Patient's preferences for female KMD had the highest response rate in Gynecology, and Pediatrics. On the other hand, patient's preferences for female KMD had the lowest response rate in the other 7 specialty subjects. 3. The reasons for gender discrimination against male KMD were lack of subtlety, lack of empathy, authoritative attitude, and lack of patient management skills. The reasons for gender discrimination, against female KMD were childcare burden, social prejudices, lack of physical strength, and housekeeping burdens. Conclusions: The study results indicated that there was a lower preference for female KMD than male KMD among the Korean Medical Society and in patients' consciousness. Male-centered culture of Korean Medical Society had no role in this finding, but masculine image for KMD jobs and work-family double burden for female KMD were important contributing factors.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.258-271
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• 2022

The rapidly aging trend of Korea is a major factor that threatens the sustainability of the long-term care insurance system. Therefore, looking at how Japan and Germany mitigated the financial burden when they managed similar long-term care insurance systems will provide important implications for improving the Korean system in the future. The study was conducted using the literature review method, and the "country" was set as a unit for the case analysis. The three countries selected are Korea, Japan, and Germany. Recently in Korea, the insurance premium rates of all subjects have been rapidly rising, which can exacerbate the issue of intergenerational equity. On the other hand, Japan has responded to the aggravating finances for long-term care insurance due to aging by raising coinsurance for selected groups like the wealthy elderly. Germany is selectively raising the insurance premium rates by additionally increasing the premium rate for childless recipients. A more preventive and quality-oriented care service plan can be promoted by referring to the recent changes in Japan and Germany. In addition, a more effective and selective increase in payment burden in Japan and Germany could be considered in response to a recent equity issue in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.7-19
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to confirm the exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis of the burden of 119 emergency medical technicians. Methods: The data collection period was from November 2, 2022 to November 6, 2022. This study had 316 subjects, and the collected data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's α coefficient using IBM SPSS statistics 27.0. Results: The reliability was .924. The exploratory factor analysis yielded the following information: the first factor was lack of violence policy, the second factor was conflict between the organization and the paramedics, the third factor was lack of psychological support, and the fourth factor was lack of education and communication. The explanation power of 4 factors was 54.31%. Conclusion: This study is significant as it performs exploratory factor analysis as a preliminary step in the development of a burden measurement tool.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze the changes in functional status and caregiver burden after a community based case management program for stroke patients. Method: This study was designed as a one group pre and post test. A total of 61 stroke patients and their caregivers were sampled in three urban areas and two rural areas. Face to face interviews were conducted as a pre test one week before intervention, and a post test two weeks after intervention. The case management program consisted of four home visits and two telephone counseling sessions for assessment, education and providing information during the eight weeks. The collected data were analyzed with paired t test. Results: First, significant differences in functional status, and specifically mobility and cognition, were found between pre test and post test. Second, caregiver burden, in particular, objective burden was significantly decreased after 8 weeks. Third, the positive response for the services increased after 8 weeks. Conclusion: The community based case management program was effective to improve the functional status of stroke patients and to decrease the caregiver burden.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2000.04b
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• pp.168-173
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• 2000

Design of experiments is utilized for exploring the design space and for building response surface models in order to facilitate the effective solution of multi-objective optimization problems. Response surface models provide an efficient means to rapidly model the trade-off among many conflicting goals. In robust design, it is important not only to achieve robust design objectives but also to maintain the robustness of design feasibility under the effects of variations, called uncertainties. However, the evaluation of feasibility robustness often needs a computationally intensive process. To reduce the computational burden associated with the probabilistic feasibility evaluation, the first-order Taylor series expansions are used to derive individual mean and variance of constraints. For robust design applications, these constraint response surface models are used efficiently and effectively to calculate variances of constraints due to uncertainties. Robust optimization of automotive seat is used to illustrate the approach.