• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to demonstrate reduction in stroke symptoms by analyzing the changes in respiratory function and activities of daily living (ADL) after respiratory muscle strengthening exercise in patients who had a stroke and thereby, propose an efficient exercise method. Methods: Twenty patients with hemiplegic stroke were divided into two groups, with 10 patients in each. The control group (CG) received the traditional exercise therapy, and the experimental group (EG) received the traditional exercise therapy combined with expiratory muscle strengthening training. The training continued for 6 weeks, 5 days a week. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) were measured with a spirometer, $SpO_2$ was measured with a pulse oximeter, and ADL were assessed by using the modified Barthel index (MBI). A paired t test was applied to compare the differences before and after the intervention, and an independent t test was used to compare the differences between the groups. The level of statistical significance was set as ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: The changes in the FVC and FEV1 values within the group showed significant differences only in the EG (p<0.01). The between-group difference was statistically significant only for FVC and FEV1 in the EG (p<0.01). The changes in $SpO_2$ and MBI within the group showed significant differences only in the EG and CG (p<0.01). Between-group differences were statistically significant only for $SpO_2$ and MBI in the EG (p<0.05). Conclusion: The interventions with active patient involvement and combined breathing exercises had a positive impact on all the functions investigated in this study.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권11호
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• pp.40.1-40.7
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• 2015

Background: Activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) in the alveolar macrophages (AM) by selective synthetic $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligands, improves the ability of the cells to resolve inflammation. In birds, respiratory macrophages are known as free avian respiratory macrophages (FARM) and show distinct functional differences from AM. The effects of treating FARM with $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligands are unclear. Methods: FARM were harvested by lavage of chicken respiratory tract and their morphology assessed at microscopic level. The effects of $PPAR{\gamma}$ agonists on the FARM in vitro viability, phagocytic capacity and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-${\alpha}$) production were assessed. Results: FARM had eccentric nucleus and plasma membrane ruffled with filopodial extensions. Ultrastructurally, numerous vesicular bodies presumed to be lysosomes were present. FARM treated with troglitazone, a selective $PPAR{\gamma}$ agonist, had similar in vitro viability with untreated FARM. However, treated FARM co-cultured with polystyrene particles, internalized more particles with a mean volume density of 41 % compared to that of untreated FARM of 21 %. Further, treated FARM significantly decreased LPS-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ production in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: Results from this study show that $PPAR{\gamma}$ synthetic ligands enhance phagocytic ability of FARM. Further the ligands attenuate production of proinflammatory cytokines in the FARM, suggesting potential therapeutic application of $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligands in the management of respiratory inflammatory disorders in the poultry industry.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2018

Objective: This study investigated the effects of air stacking training (AST) on pulmonary function, respiratory strength, and peak cough flow (PCF) in persons with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI). Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 24 persons with CSCI were randomly allocated to the AST group (n=12) or the incentive spirometry training (IST) group (n=12). Patients with CSCI received AST or IST for 15 minutes, with 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks, and all groups performed basic exercises for 15 minutes. In the AST group, after the subject inhaled the maximal amount of air as best as possible, the therapist insufflated additional air into the patient's lung using an oral nasal mask about 2-3 times. In the IST group, patients were allowed to hold for three seconds at the maximum inspiration and then to breathe. The pre and post-tests measured forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume one at second (FEV1), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and PCF. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in FVC, FEV1, MEP, MIP and PCF values after training (p<0.05). The FVC in the post-test and the mean change of FVC, FEV1, MIP were significantly higher in the AST group than the IST group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggested that AST significantly improved pulmonary function, respiratory strength, and PCF in persons with CSCI. Therefore, AST should be included in respiratory rehabilitation programs to improve coughing ability, pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제68권3호
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• pp.125-139
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• 2010

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently complain of dyspnea on exertion and reduced exercise capacity, which has been attributed to an increase in the work of breathing and in impaired of gas exchange. Although COPD primarily affects the pulmonary system, patients with COPD exhibit significant systemic manifestations of disease progression. These manifestations include weight loss, nutritional abnormalities, skeletal muscle dysfunction (SMD), cardiovascular problems, and psychosocial complications. It has been documented that SMD significantly contributes to a reduced exercise capacity in patients with COPD. Ventilatory and limb muscle in these patients show structural and functional alteration, which are influenced by several factors, including physical inactivity, hypoxia, smoking, aging, corticosteroid, malnutrition, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway activation. This article summarizes briefly the evidence and the clinical consequences of SMD in patients with COPD. In addition, it reviews contributing factors and therapeutic strategies.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.60-67
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• 2018

Background: Progressive muscle weakness is aggravated not only in the skeletal muscles but also in the respiratory muscles in many patients with neuromuscular diseases (NMD). Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been reported as therapy for pulmonary rehabilitation to improve respiratory strength, endurance, exercise capacity, and quality of life, and to reduce dyspnea. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of playing harmonica for 5 months on pulmonary function by assessing the force vital capacity (FVC), peak cough flow (PCF), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) in patients with NMD. Methods: Six subjects with NMD participated in this study. The subjects played harmonica once a week for 2 hours at a harmonica academy and twice a week for 1 hour at home. Thus, training was performed thrice a week for 23 weeks. The examiner assessed pulmonary function by measuring FVC in the sitting and supine positions and PCF, MIP, MEP, and MVV in the sitting position at the beginning of training and once a month for 5 months. Results: Both sitting and supine FVC significantly increased after playing harmonica (p=.042), as did MIP (p=.043) and MEP (p=.042). Conclusion: Playing harmonica can be used as an effective method to improve pulmonary function in patients with NMD.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.381-389
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the respiratory function in the different body position of the stroke patients. Methods : Twenty patients with stroke patients group(M:12, F:8) and twenty control group(M:12, F:8) were participated in experiment. Strokes patients group and control group were assessed according to position changes(supine position, $45^{\circ}$ sitting position, $90^{\circ}$ sitting position) using pulmonary function(vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume). Results : These findings suggest that supine position in stroke group and control group were significant difference in IC, VC, IRV, ERV(p<.05). $45^{\circ}$ lean sitting position in stroke group and control group were significant difference in IC, VC, ERV(p<.05). 90 sitting position in stroke group and control group were significant difference in VC, IRV, ERV(p<.05). In comparison of two groups, strokes group was more low pulmonary function than normal group. Conclusion : This study showed pulmonary function was more high normal groups than stroke groups. And $90^{\circ}$ sitting position was high pulmonary function than supine position, $45^{\circ}$ lean sitting position. Thus it indicates that the functions will be suggest the objective data of patients with strokes for respiratory function.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2020

Purpose : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of positive active pressure technique and active breathing technique on lung function in healthy adults. Methods : In this study, the passive lung expansion technique and active respiration enhancement technique using an air mask bag unit were conducted in 30 normal adults to observe changes in pulmonary function with forced vital capacity (FVC), Forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1). In order to observe the change in the level of respiratory function, we would like to investigate the peak expiratory flow (PEF) and the forced expiratory flow (FEF 25-75 %). Results : As a result of this study, there was no significant difference in comparison between the passive lung expansion technique and the active breathing enhancement technique (p>.05). The passive lung expansion technique effectively increased the effortful expiratory volume and the median expiratory flow rate of 1 second (p<.05). And the passive lung expansion technique effectively increased the effortless lung capacity and the maximum expiration flow rate (p<.05). Conclusion : The passive lung expansion technique effectively increases the range of motion of the lungs and chest cages, intrathoracic pressure, and elasticity of the lungs, and the active breathing technique increases the muscle functions such as the diaphragm and the biceps muscles. It is expected that it will be able to selectively improve the respiratory function of patients with respiratory diseases or functional limitations as it is found to be effective.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제85권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2022

Background: Post-tuberculosis (TB) sequelae is a commonly encountered clinical entity, especially in high TB burden countries. This may represent chronic anatomic sequelae of previously treated TB, with frequent symptomatic presentation. This pilot study was aimed to investigate the pulmonary functions and systemic inflammatory markers in patients with post-TB sequelae (PTBS) and to compare them with post-TB without sequelae (PTBWS) participants and healthy controls. Methods: A total of 30 participants were enrolled, PTBS (n=10), PTBWS (n=10), and healthy controls (n=10). Pulmonary function tests included spirometry and measurement of airway impedance by impulse oscillometry. Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, transforming growth factor-β, and interferon-γ were estimated. Results: Slow vital capacity (SVC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), FEV₁/FVC, and peak expiratory flow were significantly lower in PTBS as compared to controls. SVC and FEV₁ were significantly less in PTBS as compared to PTBWS. Total airway impedance (Z₅), total airway resistance (R₅), central airway resistance (R₂₀), area of reactance (Ax), and resonant frequency (Fres) were significantly higher and respiratory reactance at 5 and 20 Hz (X₅, X₂₀) were significantly lower in PTBS as compared to PTBWS. Spirometry parameters correlated with impulse oscillometry parameters in PTBS. Serum MMP-1 level was significantly higher in PTBS as compared to other groups. Conclusion: Significant pulmonary function impairment was observed in PTBS, and raised serum MMP-1 levels compared with PTBWS and healthy controls. Follow-up pulmonary function testing is recommended after treatment of TB for early diagnosis and treatment of PTBS.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 20대 대학생들을 대상으로 45도 기대어 앉은 자세에서 실시한 PNF호흡운동을 통해 폐활량과 최대환기량에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 대상자는 20대 대학생 정상인 20명을 실험군 10명과 대조군 10명으로 동공처리방식으로 배치하였다. 실험은 4주간 실시하였는데 이때 1주일에 3회로, 1회 30분씩 실시하였다. 실험방법으로 실험군은 45도 기대어 앉은 자세에서 PNF를 적용한 호흡운동을 30분간 실시하였고 대조군은 45도 기대어 앉은 자세에서 횡격막호흡운동을 30분간 실시하였다. 실험대상자들은 실험 전과 후에 폐활량측정기로 폐활량과 최대환기량을 측정하여 기록을 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 실험군이 대조군보다 폐활량, 최대환기량에서 유의한 증가가 나타났다(p<.05). 결과를 통해 45도 기대어 앉은 자세에서 PNF를 이용한 호흡운동을 실시 할 때 실험자의 수기로 인한 적절한 저항을 적용하는 PNF패턴이 이완성 호흡을 중시하는 횡격막호흡운동보다 더 크게 호흡능력의 증가가 나타난 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.343-352
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program on dyspnea, exercise capacity, and health related quality of life in inpatients with chronic lung disease. Method: This quasi experimental study was designed with a nonequivalent control group pre-post test time series. Twenty three patients were assigned to the experimental group and nineteen to the control group. The inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program was composed of upper and lower extremity exercise, breathing retraining, inspiratory muscle training, education, relaxation and telephone contacts. This program consisted of 4 sessions with inpatients and 4 weeks at home after discharge. The control group was given a home based pulmonary rehabilitation program at the time of discharge. The outcomes were measured by the Borg score, 6MWD and the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire(CRQ). Results: There was a statistically significant difference in dyspnea between the experimental group and control group, but not among time sequence, or interaction between groups and time sequence. Also significant improvements in exercise capacity and health related quality of life were found only in the experimental group. Conclusions: An Inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program may be a useful intervention to reduce dyspnea, and increase exercise capacity and health related quality of life for chronic lung disease patients.