• 재활복지
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.217-231
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• 2017

We have to consider two parts of the evaluation and treatment for the patients with head and neck burns. The primary consideration is swallowing function for nutrition supply for them and the next is speech function for efficient communication and aesthetic impression of them. The purpose of this study is to summarize the preliminary questions of Communication Screening Protocols which can help understand comprehensively on swallowing disorder, motor speech disorder and voice disorder of patients with head and neck burns. We divided the evaluation into 4 evaluation areas including 'oral mechanism', 'respiration/voice', 'articulation', and 'swallowing' by referring to overseas studies dealing with various communication disorders caused by burns, and prepared the final questionnaires by conducting the content validity verification by five expert (speech & language pathologist). The range of Content Validity Index was shown relatively appropriate with .50~.84. There was a conflict of opinions in experts whether the items in the areas of respiration/voice and swallowing may be appropriate, whereas there was no different view of the oral mechanism and articulation area. Through the different characteristics of communication difficulties of patients with head and neck burns, we expect it will be modified appropriately according to the patients through evaluation of burn patients by type and severity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

Rapid loss of grape berry quality after harvest occurs due to poor postharvest management. Understanding physiological properties between cultivars is required to develop practical technologies to control fast quality deterioration of tables grapes. Physiological characteristics of whole cluster, rachis and berries were examined to find their effects on postharvest behaviour of table grapes. 'Tamnara' showed high respiration rate and browning of rachis compared to 'Campbell Early'. Weight loss of rachis of 'Cheongsoo' was highest of three cultivars. Berry decay in 'Cheongsoo' begins at the connection portion between peduncle and berry, and berry decay of 'Cheongsoo' was the most severe among three cultivars. Precooling at $0^{\circ}C$ showed better results than cooling at $10^{\circ}C$ regardless of cultivars but cooling effect decreased when simulated marketing period increased up to 10 days. Plastic film wrapping was effective on reducing decay in general but not at higher marketing temperature. For successful commercialization of newly developed grapes, the inhibition technology of rachis browning in 'Tamnara' is required and decay control in 'Cheongsoo' through establishment of cold chain system is recommended.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.232-241
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• 2012

We investigated the relationship between vegetation type and soil carbon dynamics in even-aged alder (Alnus hirsuta) and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantations in central Korea. Both forests were located on the same soil parent material and occupied similar topographic positions. Soil $CO_2$ efflux in the two plantations was determined using a dynamic chamber method accompanied by measurements of soil moisture content and temperature. Mean soil temperature was similar in the two plantations, but mean soil water content was significantly higher in the alder plantation than in the pine plantation. In both plantations, seasonal patterns in soil $CO_2$ efflux exhibited pronounced variation that corresponded to soil temperature. Soil water content did not affect the seasonal variation in soil $CO_2$ efflux. However, in summer, when soil temperature was above $17^{\circ}C$, soil $CO_2$ efflux increased linearly with soil water content in the alder plantation. Estimated $Q_{10}$ was 3.3 for the alder plantation and 2.7 for the pine plantation. Mean soil respiration during the measurement period in the alder plantation was 0.43 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, which was 1.3 times higher than in the pine plantation (0.33 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$). Higher soil $CO_2$ efflux in the alder plantation might be related to nitrogen availability, particularly the concentration of $NO_3{^-}$, which was measured using the ion-exchange resin bag method.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.265-274
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• 2014

Physiological characteristics of two Korean golden kiwifruit cultivars, 'Halla Gold' and 'Haehyang', were compared to determine the storage potential of fruit. The soluble solid levels of the fruit were 8.9 and 6.9 oBrix in 'Halla Gold' and 'Haehyang' at harvest, respectively but increased up to 15.4 in 'Halla Gold' and 17.5 oBrix in 'Haehyang' after 2 months of storage. Major sugars were fructose and glucose, and sucrose content was relatively low regardless of cultivar. The edible quality of 'Haehyang' was better than 'Halla Gold' because of higher amount of sugars. Firmness of the fruits gradually decreased as the increase of storage period in 'Halla Gold' in both flesh and core tissue. Th firmness loss of 'Haehyang' fruit was faster in the first 2 months and then became slow. After 75 days of storage, the firmness of 'Haehyang' fruit was only 5.2% at harvest. Core tissue was soften enough to eat at ripe stage. Wall modifying enzyme activities including xylanase, ${\alpha}$-L-arabinofuranosi-dase and ${\beta}$-galactosidase were consistently higher in 'Haehyang' and the activity of pectate lyase was more increased than 'Halla Gold' after 2 months of storage. Respiration rate of 'Haehyang' was higher than 'Halla Gold' and further increased after 2 months of storage. Weight loss was much higher in 'Haehyang' which showed higher rate of the firmness loss. The storage potential of golden kiwifruit was estimated to be about 2 months for 'Haehyang' and 3 months for 'Halla Gold' when determined on the basis of the fruit firmness.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2007

Conductive rubber material was molded in a belt shape to measure respiration. Its resistivity was approximately $0.03{\;}{\Omega}m$ and the resistance-displacement relationship showed a negative exponent. The temperature coefficient was approximately $0.006{\;}k{\Omega}/^{\circ}C$ negligible when practically applied on the abdomen. The conductive rubber belt was applied on a normal male's abdomen with the dimensional change measured during resting breathing. The abdominal signal was differentiated ($F_{m}$) and compared with the accurate standard air flow rate signal ($F_{s}$) obtained by pneumotachometry. $F_{m}$ and $F_{s}$ differed in waveform, but the start and end timings of each breaths were clearly synchronized, demonstrating that the respiratory frequency could be accurately estimated before further processing of $F_{m}$. $F_{m}-F_{s}$ loop showed a nonlinear hysteresis within each breath period, thus 6 piecewise linear approximation was performed, leading to a mean relative error of 14 %. This error level was relatively large for clinical application, though customized calibration seemed feasible for monitoring general variation of ventilation. The present technique would be of convenient and practical application as a new wearable respiratory transducer.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 2013

Modified atmosphere (MA) of reduced $O_2$ and elevated $CO_2$ concentrations has been used for keeping the quality of fresh produce and extending the shelf life. As a way to attain the beneficial MA package around the produce, a gas diffusion tube or perforation can be attached onto the container and controlled on real time in its opening/closing responding to $O_2$ and $CO_2$ concentrations measured by gas sensors. The timely-controlled opening of the gas diffusion tube can work in harmony with the produce respiration and help to create the desired MA. By use of the mathematical modeling, the effect of tube dimension on the controlled container atmosphere was figured out in this study. Spinach and king oyster mushroom were used as typical commodities for designing the model container system (0.35 and 0.9 kg in 13 L, respectively) because of their respiration characteristics and the optimal MA condition ($O_2$ 7~10%/$CO_2$ 5~10% for spinach; $O_2$ 2~5%/$CO_2$ 10~15% for mushroom). With a control logic for the gas composition to stay as close as possible to optimum MA window without invading injurious low $O_2$ and/or high $CO_2$ concentrations, the atmosphere of the sensor-controlled container could stay at its lower $O_2$ boundary or upper $CO_2$ limit under certain tube dimensional conditions. There were found to be the ranges of the tube diameter and length allowing the beneficial MA. The desired range of the tube dimension for spinach consisted of combinations of larger diameter and shorter length in the window of 0.3~2 cm diameter and 0.2~10 cm length. Similarly, that for king oyster mushroom was combinations of larger diameter and shorter length in the window of 0.9~2 cm diameter and 0.2~3 cm in length. Clear picture on generally affordable tube dimension range may be formulated by further study on a wide variety of commodity and pack conditions.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.320-330
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic parameters, and leaf growth of Synurus deltoides under different shading treatments. S. deltoides was grown under non-treated (full sunlight) and three different shading conditions (Shaded 88~93%, 65~75%, and 45%~55%). Light compensation point ($L_{comp}$), dark respiration ($D_{resp}$), maximum photosynthesis rate ($Pn_{max}$), photo respiration rate ($P_{resp}$), carboxylation efficiency ($\Phi_{carb}$), and photochemical efficiency were decreased with increasing shading level; However, $CO_2$ compensation point ($CO_{2\;comp}$), total chlorophyll content, and specific leaf area (SLA) were shown the opposite trend. S. deltoides under 88~93% treatment showed the lowest photosynthetic activity such as maximum photosynthetic rate ($Pn_{max}$), photochemical efficiency, and $CO_2$ compensation point ($CO_{2\;comp}$). Therefore, photosynthetic activity will be sharply decreased with a long period of 8~12% of full sunlight. With the shading level decreased, carotenoid content and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ) increased to prevent excessive light damage. This result suggested that growth and physiology of S. deltoides adapted to high light intensity through regulating its internal mechanism.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.601-608
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• 2017

The effects of elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ on growth and photosynthesis of soybean (Glycine max Merr.) were investigated to predict its productivity under elevated $CO_2$ levels in the future. Soybean grown for 6 weeks showed significant increase in vegetative growth, based on plant height, leaf characteristics (area, length, and width), and the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter value (SPAD value) under elevated $CO_2$ conditions ($800{\mu}mol/mol$) compared to ambient $CO_2$ conditions ($400{\mu}mol/mol$). Under elevated $CO_2$ conditions, the photosynthetic rate (A) increased although photosystem II (PS II) photochemical activity ($F_v/F_m$) decreased. The maximum photosynthetic rate ($A_{max}$) was higher under elevated $CO_2$ conditions than under ambient $CO_2$ conditions, whereas the maximum electron transport rate ($J_{max}$) was lower under elevated $CO_2$ conditions compared to ambient $CO_2$ conditions. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis shifted significantly by approximately $3^{\circ}C$ under the elevated $CO_2$ conditions. With the increase in temperature, the photosynthetic rate increased below the optimal temperature (approximately $30^{\circ}C$) and decreased above the optimal temperature, whereas the dark respiration rate ($R_d$) increased continuously regardless of the optimal temperature. The difference in photosynthetic rate between ambient and elevated $CO_2$ conditions was greatest near the optimal temperature. These results indicate that future increases in $CO_2$ will increase productivity by increasing the photosynthetic rate, although it may cause damage to the PS II reaction center as suggested by decreases in $F_v/F_m$, in soybean.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 1987

The main purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the vital sign as an instrument of stress reaction measurement. From July to August 1986, stress reaction was evaluated by the difference of endoscopic vital sign on 93 G-I troubled out-patients who underwent endoscopy for the first time and did not have any evidence of cardiovascular disease. The data were analysed by x$^2$-test, Paired . t-test, ANCOVA and Multiple Comparison Test. The result of study were as follows: 1. The frequency of gastric disease was differed by the family type, and the mobility of gastritis and gastric cancer were more increased in nuclear family than in large family (p=0.019). 2. In a comparison of before with after 5 minutes endoscopic vital sign, and a Pulse rate (P=0.0001), respiration rate (p=0.0001), systolic blood pressure (p=0.0002) and diastolic blood Pressure (P=0.006) were significantly increased after 5minutes by endoscopy in contrast with before 5minutes. 3. The control of before 5 minutes of endoscopic vital sign, after 5 minutes of endoscopic systolic (p=0.024) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.0146) were more elevated in biopsyed group than in non-biopsyed, group. And after 5minutes of endoscopic respiration rate was more increased in gastric cancer than in gastritis (p=0.0406) or gastric ulcer (p=0.0073). And after 5 minutes of endoscopic systolic blood pressure was elevated over 50years old men (P=0.0238). In short, the increase of a pulse rate af ter 5 minutes of endoscopy was not influenced by general characteristics of samples in this experiment. And systolic blood pressure over 50years old men must be considered of physiological hypertension.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 2009

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) is performed by artificial ventilation and thoracic compression for the patient under emergent situation to maintain at least the minimum level of respiration and blood circulation for life survival. Quality of the pre-hospital CPR not only significantly affects the patient's survival rate but also minimizes side effects caused by CPR. Good quality CPR requires monitoring respiration, however, traditional respiratory air flow transducers cannot be used because the transducer elements are located on the flow axis. The present study developed a new technique with no physical object on the flow stream but enabling the air flow measurement and easily incorporated with the CPR devices. A turbulence chamber was formed in the middle of the respiratory tube by locally enlarging the cross-sectional area where the flow related turbulence was generated inducing energy loss which was in turn converted into pressure difference. The turbulence chamber was simply an empty enlarged air space, thus no physical object was placed on the flow stream, but still the flow rate could be evaluated. Both inspiratory and expiratory flows were obtained with symmetric measurement characteristics. Quadratic curve fitting provided excellent calibration formula with a correlation coefficient>0.999 (P<0.0001) and the mean relative error<1 %. The present results can be usefully applied to accurately monitor the air flow rate during CPR.