• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.407-420
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• 2007

Purpose: The objective of this literature review study was to identify research's trends and methodological issues of cost analysis on nursing services. Methods: Researches which analyzed nursing services cost, were selected from journal articles and master or doctoral dissertation studies. The total numbers of the collected studies were 23. Results: The number of studies on nursing services cost has been increased rapidly since middle-1990. The 5 methodological frameworks to classify the cost analysis researches was found. 4 researches were using the traditional costing method. 6 researches were using the clinical patient classification systems. 4 researches were using the Korean Diagnosis Related Group (KDRG). 5 researches were using the Resource Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS). 4 researches were using the Activity Based Costing (ABC). Conclusion: These results will be used to provide the basic data for developing a more refined cost analysis method on nursing services. For further studies, we will suggest that the consent criteria of cost items need to measure nursing services be developed and the conducting cost analysis on nursing services be networked a hospital's cost management system.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.488-501
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• 2009

In ubiquitous environments, invisible devices and software are connected to one another to provide convenient services to users. In order to provide such services, we must have mobile devices that connect users and services. But such services are usually limited to those served on a single mobile device. To resolve the resource limitation problem of mobile devices, a nearby resource sharing research has been studied. Also, not only the nearby resource share but also a resource recommendation through context-based resource reasoning has been studied such as an UMO Project. The UMO Project share and manage the various context information for the personalization resource recommendation and reason based on current context information. Also, should verify resource inference rules for reliable the resource recommendation. But, to create various context information requires huge cost and time in actuality. Thus, we propose a inference verification tool called USim to resolve problem. The proposed inference verification tool provides convenient graphic user interfaces and it easily creates context information. The USim exactly verifies new inference rules through dynamic changes of context information.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.233-260
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• 2002

This paper tries to analyze the efficiency structure and regulatory effects in electric power industry by using total factor productivity and indices based on cost function method. This paper performed an empirical analysis on the efficiency improvement and optimal scale taking the cost aspect in electricity industry into account. By expanding the cost structure framework, this paper proposes the analytical method regarding the needs of technology regulation and presents the empirical results which can be verified. Hence, this work can play a key role in decision-making of the national power development and regulatory policy. The empirical result indicates that the electricity industry in Korea has been in the state of economies of scale until 1980s, However, due to sustained growth of power generation, economies of scale declined and subsided after 1980s and then diseconomies of scale is shown recent years. The analysis on the effect of technology regulation shows the national large-scale base-load power plant development-oriented policy until so far contributed substantial cost effect to the electricity industry. The empirical result indicates that the reserve requirement as one of means of technology regulation policy did not contribute to the economies of scale but positive effect on the total factor productivity in Korea.

• IE interfaces
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 1998

It is strongly believed that Video on Demand(VOD) will become one of the most promising services for Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network(B-ISDN). VOD service can be classified into two types of services: Near VOD(NVOD) and Interactive VOD(IVOD). Although VOD network requires many kinds of resources, we only consider video servers, programs. and storages. In the network. some video servers should be installed at some nodes(especially, at the root node for NVOD service). so that each node with video server stores video programs and distributes stored programs to customers. We take into account three kinds of costs related with the above resources: a program transmission cost, a program storage cost, and a video server installation cost. There exists a trade-off relationship among those three costs according to the locations of video servers and the kinds of programs stored at each video server. Given a multi-level VOD network and the total number of programs being served in the network. the resource. optimization problem for providing both IVOD and NVOD services is to determine where to install video servers, and which and how many programs should be stored at each video server, in order to minimize the total cost. In this paper we develop an efficient dynamic programming algorithm to solve the problem. We also implement the algorithm based on two different service policies assumed in this paper.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.373-378
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• 2006

Recently the technical advances and complexities have generated much of the difficulties in managing the project resources, for both scheduling and costing to accomplish the project in the most efficient manner. The project manager is frequently required to render judgments concerning the schedule and resource adjustments. This research develops an analytical model for a schedule-cost and risk analysis based on visual PERT/CPM. We used a three-step approach: 1) in the first step, a deterministic PERT/CPM model for the critical path and estimating the project time schedule and related resource planning and we developed a heuristic model for crash and stretch out analysis based upon a time-cost trade-off associated with the crash and stretch out of the project. 2) In second step, we developed web-based risk evaluation model for project analysis. Major technologies used for this step are AHP (analytic hierarchy process, fuzzy-AHP, multi-attribute analysis, stochastic network simulation, and web based decision support system. Also we have developed computer programs and have shown the results of sample runs for an R&D project risk analysis. 3) We developed an optimization model for project resource allocation. We used AHP weighted values and optimization methods. Computer implementation for this model is provided based on GUI-Type objective-oriented programming for the users and provided displays of all the inputs and outputs in the form of GUI-Type. The results of this research will provide the project managers with efficient management tools.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.321-335
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• 2015

This study introduces the methods to apply and develop the integrated Cost of Quality (COQ) and Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) model for seeking not only quality improvement but also reduction of overhead cost. Inefficient and uneconomical COQ activities can be identified by using time driver which also maximizes the quality improvement for Prevention-Appraisal- Failure (PAF) quality costs. In contrast, reduction of the indirect cost of unused capacity resource using Quality Cost Capacity Ratio (QCCR) of TDABC minimizes overhead cost for COQ activities. In addition, linkage between Overall Equipment Effective (OEE) and Time Driver develops the integrated system of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and TDABC model. Lean OEE maximizes when an Unused Time (UT) of TDABC that are TPM losses and lean wastes reduces whereas the TPM Cost Capacity Ratio (TCCR) of TDABC minimizes indirect cost for non-value added TPM activities. Numerical examples are derived to better understand the proposed COQ/TDABC model and TPM/TDABC model from this paper. From the proposed model, process mapping and time driver of TDABC are known to lessen indirect cost from general ledger of comprehensive income statement with a better quality innovation and improvement of equipment.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.35-44
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• 2018

Purpose - In endless competition, companies pursue cost reduction and work efficiency. So, entrepreneurs try to increase job intensity, which may lead to job stress and high turnovers because of job burnout. But, Information systems are acknowledged as a work support tool that secures work convenience and the productivity of employees. In this study, we aimed to confirm the effects of information systems in reduing the work overload of employees in a human resource intensive industry. Research design, data and methodology - This is based on the job demands-resources model, conducting an empirical analysis of surveys given to hospital employees working in a human resource intensive industry. Results - The research revealed that information systems reduced the work overload of employees in a human resource intensive industry. Conclusion - This study confirmed the effects of information systems as a job resource based on JD-R theory, and presentation of empirical results indicated that information systems alleviate employee job overload and increases job satisfaction in the medical services industry. In the medical services industry, using electronic health record system decreases in work overload, which results in employees gaining time for self-development and time management, reducing job stress, and leading to job satisfaction.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 2023

Recently, resource optimization research has been actively conducted in enterprises and data centers to manage the rapid growth of big data. In particular, thin provisioning, which allocates a large number of resources compared to fixedly allocated storage resources, has the effect of reducing initial costs, but as the number of resources actually used increases, the cost effectiveness decreases and the management cost for allocating resources increases. In this paper, we propose a technique that divides the physical blocks of flash memory into single-bit cells and multi-bit cells, formats them with a hybrid technique, and manages them by dividing frequently used hot data and infrequently used cold data. The proposed technique has the advantage that the physical and allocated resources are the same, such as thick provisioning, and can be used without additional cost increase, and the underutilized resources can be managed in multi-bit cell blocks, such as thin provisioning, which can allocate more resources than typical storage devices. Finally, we estimated the resource optimization effectiveness of the proposed technique through experiments based on simulations.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2000

As the new century begins, it is clear that K-l2 education is going through a major change. The increasing power and affordability of personal computers along with wide spread use of the Internet has not only changed the landscape for communication but it has opened up new and exciting opportunities for education. One of the ways that Internet could help improve education is to act as an interactive communication link to gather the knowledge and experience of all the teachers and to serve as an open forum for discussing and exchanging innovative ideas. But developing a successful site is not an easy task since the success of the site depends on the level of participation and cooperation of teachers. In this paper, learnings derived from the development of an interactive web based resource center for K-12 mathematics teacher are described and recommendations for developing an effective site for teachers are suggested. The development of an interactive resource center for mathematics teachers showed that while interest for a web based resource is very high, the main obstacle for effective teacher participation is lack of easy accessibility of internet by teachers, and lack of computer and internet training for teachers. The technical issues regarding hardware installation, software development and cost were minimal. Accessibility will improve in time as more and more schools are connected to the internet, but this alone will not be enough. The study suggests that in order to bring together teachers on the internet more effort needs to be made in training teachers on the use of computers and the internet.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.4023-4043
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• 2016

Network virtualization has been regarded as a core attribute of the Future Internet. In a network virtualization environment (NVE), multiple heterogeneous virtual networks can coexist on a shared substrate network. Thus, a substrate network failure may affect multiple virtual networks. In this case, it is increasingly critical to provide survivability for the virtual networks against the substrate network failures. Previous research focused on mechanisms that ensure the resilience of the virtual network. However, the resource efficiency is still important to make the mapping scheme practical. In this paper, we study the survivable virtual network embedding mechanisms against substrate link and node failure from the perspective of improving the resource efficiency. For substrate link survivability, we propose a load-balancing and re-configuration strategy to improve the acceptance ratio and bandwidth utilization ratio. For substrate node survivability, we develop a minimum cost heuristic based on a divided network model and a backup resource cost model, which can both satisfy the location constraints of virtual node and increase the sharing degree of the backup resources. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the solutions. The proposed load balancing and re-configuration strategy for substrate link survivability outperforms other approaches in terms of acceptance ratio and bandwidth utilization ratio. And the proposed minimum cost heuristic for substrate node survivability gets a good performance in term of acceptance ratio.