• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.317-331
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• 2021

Essential oil is a volatile substance obtained by physically obtaining fragrant plant materials made by one single plant and plant species, and is widely used for cosmetics, fragrances, and aroma therapy due to its excellent preservation, sterilization, and antibacterial effects. When essential oil would undergo the extraction and concentration processes, the agricultural chemicals thereof would be extracted and concentrated only to be harmful to the human body. This study analyzes 320 residual agricultural chemicals concentrated in the essential oil, and to this end, LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS are used, while the freezing process is applied instead of the conventional refining process hexane, to improve the preprocessing method. As a result of analyzing the essential oil, such ingredients as chlorpyrifos, piperonyl butoxide and silafluofen have been detected in Basil oil and Clove leaf oil. Hence, it is perceived that the residual agricultural chemicals should continue to be monitored for the essential oil.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.472-482
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• 2023

This study used gas chromatography combined with the microelectron capture detection method to determine the most effective washing and cooking methods for removing isoprothiolane from rice. The initial isoprothiolane concentrations in brown and polished rice, before washing, were 17.03 mg/kg and 1.67 mg/kg, respectively. Residual concentrations declined with more washing cycles (19.3-59.3% for brown rice; 43.1-66.5% for polished rice); and by increasing the temperature of the washing water from 5℃ to 40℃ (56.6-63.1% for brown rice; 67.1-74.9% for polished rice). Hand-washing samples using gentle stirring or harsh rubbing reduced pesticide concentrations by 63.1-71.6% for brown rice, versus 75.4-87.4% for polished rice. Reduction in isoprothiolane concentrations varied based on the rice cooker type and whether the rice was pre-soaked. Immediate cooking using an electric- or pressure-cooker showed 78.5% and 78.4% reduction in brown rice, compared with 94.0% and 94.0% for polished rice, respectively. Pre-cooking immersion for 30 min showed similar reductions of 83.4% and 83.4% in brown rice, versus 95.8% and 95.8% in polished rice. The results of this study suggest that the most effective method for removing residual isoprothiolane from both brown rice and polished rice was to wash six times (with vigorous rubbing during the 2nd and 3rd washing) in 7-fold water at 40℃, followed by immersion for 30 min before cooking. Regardless of the type of rice cooker, heating is sufficient to remove an average of 83.4% and 95.8% of isoprothiolane from brown rice and polished rice, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.384-387
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• 1999

The residue of imidacloprid in hulled rice and paddy soil was investigated. In laboratory conditions, the degradation of imidacloprid in the soils followed first-order reaction kinetic. The rate of degradation was influenced by soil temperature and soil type. The half-life of imidacloprid at $18-28^{\circ}C$ was 66.7-96.3 days in the heavy clay soil and 56.8-117.5 days in the clay loam soil. Arrhenius activation energy obtained from the temperature experiment was 25.5 KJ/mol in heavy clay soil and 50.3 KJ/mol in clay loam soil. In paddy field, the degradation of imidacloprid was fast during the initial period but the degradation rate was gradually slow. About 10 % of the initial amount remained in the soil 120 day after the application. The residual amount of imidacloprid in rice was below the detection limit, 0.01 ppm. The residue level in rice was lower than MRL 0.05ppm in Korea.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.487-491
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• 1994

Relative crystallinities, saccharification efficiency, and diazinon(pesticide) residues of rice and rice hull puffed by hot air puffer were investigated. Crystallinities of rice starch in the puffed rice were decreased as compared to those in cooked rice, and those of rice hull were slightly decreased as compared to those in raw hull. By puffing of glutinous rice, the saccharification efficiency treated with malt amylase was higher than in cooked rice, and hydrolysis ratio of rice hull by cellulase was also increased from 14% to 30% by puffing. The residual contents of diazinon of the puffed rice and rice hull were decreased to 42.7% and 47.6%, respectively. In addition, its decreasing rate in nonglutinous rice were higher than that of glutinous rice.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.82-85
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate if elevated $CO_2$ affects the residue pattern of $^{14}C$ in the soil environment after $^{14}C$-carbaryl treatment $^{14}C$-carbaryl was applied on the rice plant-grown greenhouse soil exposed to atmospheric and elevated $CO_2$ conditions. $^{14}C$-radioactivity was measured in the rhizospheric soil and rice straw samples six months after $^{14}C$-carbaryl application. Significantly high radioactivity was observed in the soil exposed to atmospheric $CO_2$ as compared to that in the soil exposed to elevated C(h. Background level of radioactivity was observed in rice plant samples. These observations suggest the possibility that elevated $CO_2$ may affect residual radioactivity of $^{14}C$-carbaryl in the soil rather than that in the plant.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

Ginseng has been widely used in Korea as a natural medicine due to its saponin contents. Although the total amount of ginseng stem and leaf saponins (GSLS) is 4~5 times higher than that of saponin in the root, the root is mainly used. This is due to two reasons: nervous system-stimulant activity of GSLS and pesticide residues in GSLS. In this study, residual agricultural pesticides were removed from GSLS using two types of bacterial treatments. Two GSLS treatment groups of chickens (GSLS-1 and GSLS-2) were established. The chickens were fed 0.4% GSLS-1 or GSLS-2 mixed with crop. We then evaluated the effects of GSLS on bodyweight and several immune parameters. At the end of the experiments, chickens fed GSLS-1 and red ginseng saponin had significantly higher growth rates (16.6% and 8.0%, respectively) compared to the vaccine control group treated with Noblis Salenvac-T. The group fed GSLS-1 also had the highest IgG titer that was significantly different at the end of experiments compared to the other groups. These findings imply that GSLS-1 is a good candidate feed additive for the chicken industry.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2007

As a result of life-style changes, consumer's concerns of food have shifted from calories and nutrition to health and convenience. Fresh-cut products are one such new direction for fruit and vegetable consumption. In this study, the vitamin C, mineral, and pesticide contents of various fresh-cut products were analyzed. According to sensory evaluations, the key reason for a lower than expected overall acceptability of many fresh-cut products is that they are likely to have browning and can easily lose their freshness. Also, the sensory evaluation showed that shriveling, the degree of browning, softening around the cut edge, and off-flavors were the primary factors affecting the quality of fresh-cut products. As a nutritional factor of quality, vitamin C content was not practical with regard to fresh-cut lettuce because the level was very low. For product safety, residual pesticides were detected in the fresh-cut products, but the results showed that all items were under permitted levels and considered safe. In evaluation of the microbial levels of the fresh-cut market products, the levels of viable cells, mold, yeast, coliform bacteria, and enterobacteriaceae were not significantly different based on the summer and winter seasons. The levels of S. aureus and Listeria spp. in the products were higher during the summer season than the winter.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2010

A phytoremediation study has been conducted to see if some known aquatic plants can remove the pesticides, endosulfan-${\alpha},\;{\beta}$ and fenitrothion which are frequently used in the crop protection and golf course management, and are likely to exist as residual pollutants in the aquatic ecosystems. Among the five aquatic plants tested in the microcosms, water lily Nymphaea tetragona Georgi showed the highest degradation efficacies (85~95%) for the three pesticides as opposed to the control(13~26%). The efficacies for the other plants were in the range of 46~80% in the order of Pistia stratiotes, Cyperus helferi, Eichhornia crassipes, and Iris pseudoacorus. Fenitrothion, an organo-phosphorus pesticide, was much more vulnerable to the phytoremediation than the organo-chlorine pesticides, endosulfan-${\alpha}$ and endosulfan-${\beta}$. The kinetic rate constants ($min^{-1}$) for removal of the three pesticides were more than 10 times higher than the control (non-planting) in case of Nymphaea tetragona Georgi. This aquatic plant showed kinetic rate constants about 2 times as much as the lower kinetic rate constants shown by Iris pseudoacorus. The reason for the highest degradation efficacy of water lily would be that the plant can live in the sediment and possess roots and broad leaves which could absorb or accumulate and degrade more pollutants in association with microbes. These results indicate that some of the selected aquatic plants planted near the agricultural lands and wetlands could contribute to remediation of pesticides present in these places, and could be applicable to protection of the aquatic ecosystems.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2011

UV-C and -B types of lamps, and $H_2O_2$ as a photocatalytic material were applied to optimize processing conditions for pesticides removal in Mandarine orange peel. Factors to affect the removal of pestrcides were arranged as a function of irradiation temperature, irradiation time, and $H_2O_2$ spray concentration. The optimum processing conditions for the chloropyrifos and the EPN removals in Mandarine orange peel were irradiation time of 60 min, irradiation temperature of $45^{\circ}C$ and $H_2O_2$ spray concentration of 1000 ppm. However, the optimum processing conditions for methidathion removal were 60 min of irradiation time, $40^{\circ}C$ of irradiation temperature and 1000 ppm of $H_2O_2$ spray concentration. The residual percentages of chloropyrifos, EPN and methidathion were 46, 49 and 28% after above irradiation processing, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: The healthy food trend has encouraged the consumption of natural products, including berries. This trend is expected to increase the strawberry consumption. There has been a concern about the exposure of pesticides approved for use on strawberry. In this study, the dissipation patterns of systemic and non-systemic pesticides were evaluated in strawberry under plastic-covered greenhouse conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cyflumetofen and dimethomorph were applied on strawberry in the critical GAP (Good Agricultural Practices). Strawberries were harvested at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after final application of the pesticides. The analyses of the residual pesticides were performed by HPLC-DAD with C18 column. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph were 0.04 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph were 88.1 ~ 103.3% and 79.0 ~ 110.2% for the spiked two levels (LOQ and 10LOQ), respectively. The biological half-lives of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph werer 7.5 and 8.9 days, respectively. The dissipation rates in strawberry were calculated by the statistics method at a 95% confidence level. The distribution showed that pesticides with low log Pow were indicated by the decreased dissipation rate and pesticides with similar log Pow and low solubility also showed the decreased dissipation rate. CONCLUSION: The residues of cyflumetofen and dimethomorph in strawberry at time 0 after the final application were below the established MRL in Korea. The dissipation behavior of systemic and non-systemic pesticides in strawberry is affected by their log Pow and water solubility values.