• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.402-407
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to analyze the crown vertical structure, crown bulk density, and to develop regression models for predicting crown fuel load using the data from 10 destructively sampled Pinus densiflora trees in Bonghwa, Gyeongbuk. The fuel loads were observed higher in the middle portion of the vertical distribution of crown followed by the lower portion and upper portion of Pinus densiflora, respectively. Approximately 25% crown fuel load was found in the needle while 33% was observed in the branches with <1 cm diameter with a total of 58% available fuel loads. The average crown bulk density was $0.45kg/m^3$, and $0.27kg/m^3$ of this was available in the needles and branches with <1 cm diameters. The resulting models in linear equations were able to account for 84% and 88% of the observed variation, while the allometric equations with diameter at breast height as the single predictor showed better results to account for 90% and 95% of the observed variation in the available crown fuel loads and total crown fuel loads, respectively. The suggested equations in this study could provide quantitative fuel load attributes for crown fire behavior models and fire management of red pine stands in Bonghwa areas.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2018

In Korea, 64% of the land is known as mountain area, but the definition and classification standard of mountain are not clear. Demand for utilization and development of mountain area is increasing. In this situation, the unclear definition and scope of the mountain area can lead to the destruction of the mountain and the increase of disasters due to indiscreet permission of forestland use conversion. Therefore, this study analyzed the variables and criteria that can extract the mountain boundaries through the questionnaire survey and the terrain analysis. We developed a mountain boundary extraction algorithm that can classify topographic mountain by using selected variables. As a result, 72.1% of the total land was analyzed as mountain area. For the three catchment areas with different mountain area ratio, we compared the results with the existing data such as forestland map and cadastral map. We confirmed the differences in boundary and distribution of mountain. In a catchment area with predominantly mountainous area, the algorithmbased mountain classification results were judged to be wider than the mountain or forest of the two maps. On the other hand, in the basin where the non-mountainous region predominated, algorithm-based results yielded a lower mountain area ratio than the other two maps. In the two maps, we was able to confirm the distribution of fragmented mountains. However, these areas were classified as non-mountain areas in algorithm-based results. We concluded that this result occurred because of the algorithm, so it is necessary to refine and elaborate the algorithm afterward. Nevertheless, this algorithm can analyze the topographic variables and the optimal value by watershed that can distinguish the mountain area. The results of this study are significant in that the mountain boundaries were extracted considering the characteristics of different mountain topography by region. This study will help establish policies for stable mountain management.

• (The) Korean Journal of Advertising
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.71-90
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• 2016

Managers of firms often wonder whether advertising expenditure is a mere expense or an investment with foreseeable future returns. When top management makes a decision on the level of advertising expense, it must consider whether an increase in advertising spending will positively affect brand loyalty and the increased brand loyalty will positively affect profitability and firm value. We investigate the industry-specific effects of advertising spending on marketing and the effect of loyalty on financial performances using top companies in Korea, specifically, 184 firms' data from year 1998 to 2014. The empirical results of a fixed effect model indicate that the effects of advertising on customer satisfaction index and loyalty on the firms' financial performance are positive. In service industry, unlike manufacturing industry, advertising has a significantly positive effect Brand Loyalty. In addition, Brand Loyalty had positive impacts on ROA and ROE as profitability index, and Tobin's q, a market-value index. The research results suggest that advertising in service industry should be considered as customer satisfaction investment and the increased Brand Loyalty as a profit for present and a business investment for the future respectively.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.327-340
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• 2021

The purpose of this study aims to empirically verify about the impact of the customer satisfaction on the characteristics factors(presence, empathy, responsiveness, and interaction) on the customer satisfaction of 'Asia Model Festival', which was heldis an as untacted fashion and beauty performance that was successfully conducted in Seoul duringinyear 2020. and tThe regulatory effect of innovation resistance in the relationship of the characteristic factors and the customer satisfaction was also reviewed. The analysis showed that the characteristic factors have a positive effect on customer satisfaction, and the innovation resistance is found to control the relationship between interaction, empathy, and the customer satisfaction of the characteristic factors by the subfactor. By identifying the characteristic factors that affect the customer satisfaction of the un-tacted(Zzero Ccontact) visitors, which are expanding due to COVID-19, and studying the effect of controlling the innovation resistance, this study provides a basis for knowing what un-tacted(Zzero Ccontact) visitors need and what services they want to receive, and it presents practical implications and provides basic data for relevant research.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.239-250
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• 2021

When considering the introduction of a new technology, it is important to accurately grasp and selectively apply the technical characteristics related to the technology in order to fully utilize the advantages of the technology. In this study, the technical characteristics of high relative importance were analyzed in order to increase the efficiency of new application of blockchain technology by companies. The technical characteristics of the blockchain identified through previous research were reclassified from the perspective of the system hierarchy, and sub-factors of the technical characteristics were derived. In addition, a questionnaire survey on the relative importance of technical characteristics was conducted for internal experts and SI experts using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. As a result of the analysis, respondents evaluated data protection as the most important factor in the threat of hacking related to security. In addition, it was different that the comparison results of the importance of the technical characteristics between the experts in the company and the SI experts and the priority of the technical characteristics between the expert groups by industry. It is expected that the results of this study will be usefully utilized when using blockchain technology in enterprises in line with the upcoming changes of the 4th industrial revolution. An empirical analysis of the internal and external factors required for adoption of blockchain technology by industry and the effect of technology introduction will be a meaningful study.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.404-414
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• 2021

This study was to investigate the differences of functional health status and medical service experience and needs between general and vulnerable older people in community. This study is a cross-sectional descriptive research. The data obtained through direct visit surveys from November to December 2016. The target population of the study was older people over 65 years old, the final study subjects were 444 older people residing in one district of Seoul. The chi-square test was conducted to confirm the difference in their functional health areas and medical service experiences, and the necessity of medical service utilization in accordance to the social class. In the experience of abnormality in functional health, the vulnerable older people had higher experience in cognitive function, nutrition, hydration, pain, and falling than the general older people. The rate of experience of using medical service to solve the cognitive function problem for general older people was 31.9%, higher than that of the vulnerable older people. In contrast, the medical service utilization needs of the vulnerable older people in the pain management category was significantly higher than that of the general older people. In setting policy of public medical service programs for general and vulnerable older people in community may be differentially developed based on this study. In order to improve the medical accessibility of the vulnerable older people, public medical institutions should be actively supported to overcome obstacles to medical use due to economic barriers.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.103-122
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate music therapists' awareness of the music therapy national certification (MTNC). Online questionnaires were distributed to music therapists who voluntarily agreed to participate in this research and 143 completed surveys were collected for analysis. The questionnaire consisted of 37 questions (background information, awareness of the necessity for MTNC, expected effects of national certification, and qualification management). According to the collected data, music therapists reported that they were highly aware of the necessity for MTNC. The participants believed that excessive issueing of private licenses might deteriorate the quality of music therapy services and job opportunities. As alternatives to address private license-related issues, participants agreed with the establishment of national certification system. Given that participants did not have enough knowledge of MTNC and the MTNC may have both pros and cons, the results should be generalized with caution. Still, this study could provide basic information for further discussion on the establishment of MTNC.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.399-408
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of simulation-based practice and clinical practice on nursing students' critical thinking disposition and nursing process confidence. This study is a quasi-experimental design using the non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest only design, targeting 103, 4th grade(51=control group, 52=experimental group) in the Department of Nursing at D University. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 23.0 program, and the main research results are as follows. Students who experienced simulation-based practice showed significant improvement in critical thinking tendencies(t=-3.28, p=.001) compared to those who experienced clinical practice. There was no significant difference in nursing process confidence (t=-1.78, p=.079), but it was significantly higher in actual application, collaborative contsistency, and nursing contsistency. As a result, There were no significant difference in some, but it was contfirmed that simulation-based practice improved the critical thinking disposition and nursing process confidence in of nursing students. In addition to clinical practice, it is considered necessary to study simulation-based practice using repetitive practice and standardized patients in a free simulation practice environment.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.147-154
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• 2021

The pandemic age came to us after the COVID19 broke out in the early of 2020, which resulted in many changes in our everyday life. One of the changes is non-contact transactions in economic activities, especially contact-free financial transactions are ever-increasing activities in the pandemic age. In non-contact financial transactions, security and trust are important issues that users are concerned about the most. So the paper examines how security and trust have effects on the attitudes of bank customers who use mobile banking applications on their smartphones. The study conducted factor ananlysis to extract research constructs using survey data gathered during Nobember of 2020 through February of 2021 across the nation. After extracting the constructs, the study checked validity, sampling adequacy, and internal reliability with KMO, Bartlett's test, and Crombach Alpha respectively. To make sure the purpose of the study, I do regression analysis. All factors of attitude had impacts on willingness on both of transactions and purchasing financial products. The results could give guidelines banks which want to attract more customers in open-banking environment through ever-more secure and trusty mobile banking application.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.354-362
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• 2020

A common snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina inhabiting North America is internationally protected as an endangered species. It is known that the individuals of common snapping turtles were imported to South Korea as pets, and after being abandoned, some inhabit the natural ecosystem of South Korea like wild animals. No genetic survey has yet been performed for the common snapping turtles imported to South Korea. Hereby, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) information, which is 594 bp long, was determined for a total of 16 C. serpentina individuals, of which one was found in nature, twelve legally imported and their descendants, and the other three were provided from the Kansas Herpetological Society, USA. The obtained data were combined with thirteen COI sequences of C. serpentina retrieved from NCBI GenBank for the subsequent population genetic analyses. The results showed that there exist five haplotypes with high sequence similarity (only three parsimoniously informative sites). In the TCS and phylogenetic analyses, all the examined C. serpentina samples coincidently formed a strong monoclade with those collected mostly from Kansas State, USA, indicating that the imported ones to South Korea are from the central North America. In addition, there found the amino acid changes and the high degree of nucleotide sequence differences between C. serpentina and C. rossignoni with some important morphological characters. It is expected that the present results could provide an important framework for systematic management and control of exotic snapping turtles imported and released to nature of South Korea.