• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.991-1001
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• 2001

This study has examined effects of protease on the removal of hemoglobin and triolein mixed soil with changes of soil content and soil composition from cotton and PET filament fabrics. The results obtained were as follows: The results obtained were as follows: 1) The detergency of PET fabrics was higher than that of cotton fabrics. The removal of hemoglobin was much higher than that of triolein from cotton fabrics, while the removal of hemoglobin was similar to that of triolein from PET fabrics. 2) The removal efficiency of hemoglobin and triolein was improved by protease from cotton and PET fabrics. Especially the removal efficiency of those was remarkably improved from cotton fabrics which the removal of soil was lower than PET fabrics. And the removal of hemoglobin and triolein by adding protease was increased with increase of hemoglobin content of mixed soil from cotton fabrics. 3) With the increase of hemoglobin content of mixed soil, the removal of hemoglobin was drastically increased but the removal of triolein was slightly decreased from cotton and PET fabrics. With the increase of triolein content of mixed soil, the removal of hemoglobin and triolein was decreased from cotton fabrics, but those were generally increased from PET fabrics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.13 no.3 s.31
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• pp.286-294
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• 1989

This Study has treated the effects of fiber, surfactants, temperature, surfactant concentration, pH, electrolyte, fatty acid contents and mechanical force on the removal of particulate soil from fabric, vacuum cleaner dirt was used as model particulate soil. The fabrics were soiled with mixture of vacuum cleaner dirt and fatty soil, and washed in Terg-O-tometer. The detergency was evaluated by measuring reflectance of a fabric before and after washing. The results were as follows. 1. The fiber type showed a different pattern of soil removal with surfactants. In general, particulate soil removal increased in the following order Acetate>PET. Nylon>Cotton. Particulate soil removal, which is affected by the surfactant type, increased in the following order NPE $(EO)_{10}\leqq$Soap>SLS>DBS>Tween 80. 2. The influence of temperature on the particulate soil removal was very complex because efficiency of removal was varied with surfactant and fiber types. The washing efficiency of NPE $(EO)_{10}$ was highest at around $40^{\circ}C\;and\;60^{\circ}C$ with cotton and PET but the washing efficiency of DBS was the highest at $60^{\circ}C$ with cotton, decreased monotonously with increasing temperature with PET 3. The detergency of particulate soil increased with increasing surfactant concentration at relatively low concentration and then levelled off above some optimum concentration. 4. The removal of particulate soil increased with increasing pH and mechanical force. 5. Effect of electrolyte on the particulate soil removal was depended on the concentration of the surfactant. At low concentration of surfactant, addition of electrolytes improved soil removal but above the some concentration no effect was observed. At high concentration of surfactant, Vie., $0.6\%$ , the maximum washing effect is reached without added electrolyte. These result indicate that added electrolyte only influence the adsorption of surfactant on the soil and fiber 6. Fatty acid content in the soil did not influence on particulate soil removal without regard to surfactants.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1996

Carbon black has been used as a particulate soil to prepare artificial soiled fabrics for detergent study but it has two major defects. The one is the difficulty of quantitative analysis of carbon black for evaluate the detergency, the other is that there is no reliable correlation between the removal of carbon black and oily soil which is the major component of natural soil. In this study ferric oxinate was used as a particulate soil since it is in black color and can be soiled on fabric by suspension in water or by solution in chloroform and it is easily analysed quantitatively by extracting it from soiled fabric with chloroform to get correct value of soil removal. The characteristics of soil removal of ferric oxinate were compared with that of carbon black and Sudan black, an oil soluble dye, which had been proved that it's detergency correlated with that of oily soil The soil removal of ferric oxinate and Sudan black estimated from quantitative analysis and from K/S value were in good agreement whereas the result calculated by simple reflectance was consistently low. The soil removal of ferric oxinate was exceeded from that of carbon black without regard to surfactants, Triton and Las, but the effect of washing conditions such as temperature and washing time on soil removal of both soils with different suffactants showed no considerable difference. Though the soil removal of Sudan black was little effected by the conditions, the soil removal in Triton exceeded considerably that of in Las, which is the characteristic of oily soil. Thus the soil removal of Sudan black was in good agreement with ferric oxinate in Triton, a non-ionic surfactant, and with carbon black in Las, an artionic surfactant. We concluded that ferric oxinate is a more realistic model particulate soil for artificial soiled cotton fabric washed with non-ionic surfactant than carbon black.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2009

A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate nitrogen removal from plating wastewater by a soil reactor. A combination of soil, waste oyster shell and activated sludge were used as a loading media in a soil reactor. The addition of 20% waste oyster shell and activated sludge to the soil accelerated nitrification (88.6% ${NH_4}^{+}-N$ removal efficiency) and denitrification (84.3% ${NO_3}^{-}-N$ removal) in the soil reactor, respectively. In continuous removal, the influent ${NH_4}^{+}-N$ was mostly converted to nitrate nitrogen in the nitrification soil reactor and only a small amount of ${NH_4}^{+}-N$ was found in the effluent. When methanol was added as a carbon source to the denitrification soil reactor, the average removal efficiency of ${NO_3}^{-}-N$ significantly increased. The ${NO_3}^{-}-N$ removal by methanol addition in the denitrification soil reactor was mainly due to denitrification. The phosphorus was removed by the waste oyster shell media in the nitrification soil reactor. Moreover, the phosphorus removal in the denitrification soil reactor was achieved by synthesis of bacteria and the denitrification under anaerobic conditions. The approximate number of nitrifiers and denitrifiers was $3.3{\times}10^5\;MPN/g$ soil at a depth of $1{\sim}10\;cm$ and $3.3{\times}10^6\;MPN/g$ soil at a depth of $10{\sim}20\;cm$, respectively, in the soil reactor mixed with a waste oyster shell media and activated sludge.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.90-96
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• 2011

Simultaneous removal of heavy metals (Cd, Pb) and diesel-fuel from a soil column was evaluated by respectively flushing with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution, mixture of SDS and sodium iodide (SDS + NaI), and surfactant foam (SDS + NaI foam). First, this study evaluated these flushing methods to the heavy metals only-contaminated soil for removal of heavy metals from the heavy-metal only contaminated soil column. After 7 pore volume flushing of the soil column, Cd removal efficiencies from the soil were 40% by SDS solution, 50% by SDS + NaI mixture, and 60% by surfactant foam. The flushing results implied that anionic surfactant and ligand can be efficiently applied to extraction of Cd from the heavy metal contaminated soil. Furthermore, surfactant foam flushing showed an increased flushing efficiency with enhancing the contact between surfactant solution and soil. However, Pb removal efficiency by these flushing methods did not show any difference unlike those of Cd. Second, this study eventually evaluated flushing methods for simultaneous removal of heavy metals and diesel-fuel from the soil column with 7 pore volume flushing. Diesel-fuel removal efficiencies were 50% by SDS + NaI flushing and 90% by SDS + NaI foam flushing. Cd removal efficiency by the foam flushing reached to 80% which was higher than the result of the previous heavy metals onlycontaminated soil experiment. This result implied that diesel-fuel could act as a metal-solvent while it contacted to heavy metals present in the soil. This study clearly showed that surfactant foam flushing simultaneously removed heavy metals and diesel fuel from the soil column.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.4 s.85
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• pp.280-286
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• 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate removal efficiency of $NH_4-N$ using the soil column. Soil, oyster shell and natural zeolite were used as a supporting media of soil column. Removal efficiencies of $NH_4-N$ were $35.9\%,\;41\%\;and\;93.4\%$ for the soil column packed with soil, natural $zeolite(20\%)$ and oyster $shell(20\%)$ at HRT of 72 hours, respectively. The addition of $20\%$ oyster shell to the soil accelerated nitrification in soil column. The influent ammonia nitrogen was mostly converted to nitrate nitrogen in the soil column and little ammonia nitrogen was found in the effluent. When the influent $NH_4-N$ concentration was 200 mg/l, the NIL-N removal was decreased at HRT of 48 hours, while nitrification was significantly increased after mechanical aeration. It was suggested that nitrification from higher $NH_4-N$ concentration was more affected by aeration in soil column process. The number of nitrifiers was approximately in a level of about $10^6\;MPN/g{\cdot}soil$ in the soil column mixed with oyster shell ($20\%$).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.11-24
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• 2003

This paper presents the results of laboratory investigation performed to study the role of different air sparging system parameters on the removal of benzene from saturated soils and groundwater. A series of one-dimensional experiments was conducted with predetermined contaminant concentrations and predetermined injected airflow rates and pressures to investigate the effect of soil type and the use of pulsed air injection on air sparging removal efficiency. On the basis of these studies, two-dimensional air sparging remediation systems were investigated to determine the effect of soil heterogeneity on the removal of benzene from three different homogeneous and heterogeneous soil profiles. This study demonstrated that the grain size of the soils affects the air sparging removal efficiency. Additionally, it was observed that pulsed air injection did not offer any appreciable enhancement to contaminant removal for the coarse sand; however, substantial reduction in system operating time was observed for fine sand. The 2-D experiments showed that air injected in coarse sand profiles traveled in channels within a parabolic zone. In well-graded sand the zone of influence was found to be wider due to high permeability and increased tortuosity of this soil type. The influence zone of heterogeneous soil (well-graded sand between coarse sand) showed the hybrid airflow patterns of the individual soil test. Overall, the mechanism of contaminant removal using air sparging from different soil conditions have been determined and discussed.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.455-465
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• 2001

Assessing soil removal is of interest to the washing machine industry because of government-mandated energy savings and changes in detergent formulation and consumer laundry practices. We designed this study to examine the laundry process from a holistic perspective by integrating factors perceived to be of importance. Our purpose was to assess the impact of selected variables (fabric and soil type, wash temperature and time. detergent amount, and degree of agitation) on soil removal using accelerated laundry conditions. We used the Taguchi method to develop the research design and ANOVA to analyze the data. Although soil removal was affected by fabric type, soil type, type and amount of detergent, degree of agitation, wash time and temperature, and water hardness and volume, wash temperature was the most significant variable.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.18-18
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• 2001

This study has examined the removal of mixed soil of protein and fat by protease. Cotton and PET fabrics were soiled by spotting of hemoglobin and triolein, respectively. The soiling order and soil concentration were changed in this procedure. The soiled fabrics were aged at 130℃ for 20 minutes. Protease was added in the alcohol ethoxylate(AE) detergent solution. The removal effciency was evaluated by analysis of protein and/or fat on the fabrics before and after washing, respectively. The detergency of PET fabrics was higher than that of cotton fabrics. The removal efficiency of hemoglobin was improved by protease from cotton and PET fabrics. Especially the removal efficiency of hemoglobin was remarkably improved from cotton fabrics. With the increase of hemoglobin and triolein (1:1) mixed soil, the removal of mixed soil was increased in proportion to mixed soil content up to a certain point. but it began to decrease above the point from cotton fabrics, while it was generally increased from PET fabrics. The detergency of total mixed soil from cotton fabrics was higher in case of soiling order with triolein after hemoglobin than in case of soiling order with triolein before hemoglobin. But the soiling order was not greatly effected in the detergency of total mixed soil from PET fabrics.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 2001

This study has examined the removal of mixed soil of protein and fat by protease. Cotton and PET fabrics were soiled by spotting of hemoglobin and triolein, respectively. The soiling order and soil concentration were changed in this procedure. The soiled fabrics were aged at $130^\circ{C}$ for 20 minutes. Protease was added in the alcohol ethoxylate(AE) detergent solution. The removal effciency was evaluated by analysis of protein and/or fat on the fabrics before and after washing, respectively. The detergency of PET fabrics was higher than that of cotton fabrics. The removal efficiency of hemoglobin was improved by protease from cotton and PET fabrics. Especially the removal efficiency of hemoglobin was remarkably improved from cotton fabrics. With the increase of hemoglobin and triolein (1:1) mixed soil, the removal of mixed soil was increased in proportion to mixed soil content up to a certain point. but it began to decrease above the point from cotton fabrics, while it was generally increased from PET fabrics. The detergency of total mixed soil from cotton fabrics was higher in case of soiling order with triolein after hemoglobin than in case of soiling order with triolein before hemoglobin. But the soiling order was not greatly effected in the detergency of total mixed soil from PET fabrics.