• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.519-519
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• 2003

We performed a hydrochemical study on a total of 89 bedrock groundwaters collected from preexisting wells (30 to 300 m deep) in the Boeun area. Hydrochemical data showed significant variations in the area, due to varying degrees of anthropogenic pollution. The waters were mostly enriched in Ca and HCO$_3$ but locally contained significant concentrations of anthropogenic constituents in the general order of Cl >NO$_3$>SO$_4$. In particular, about 11% of the examined wells exceeded the drinking water standard with respect to nitrate. We consider that aquifers in the area are locally highly susceptible to the contamination related to agricultural activities. Diagrams showing the relationships between the summation of cations (∑cations) and the concentration of several anions with different origin (natural versus anthropogenic) were used to estimate the relative role of anthropogenic contamination. A good correlation was observed for the relationship between ∑cations and bicarbonate, indicating that water-rock interaction (namely, hydrolysis of silicate minerals) is most important to control the water quality. Thus, we made an assumption that the equivalent of dissolved cations for a water should be equal to the alkalinity, if the chemistry were controlled solely by a set of natural weathering reactions. If we excluded the equivalent quantities of cations and bicarbonate (natural origin) from the acquired data for each sample, the remainder therefore could be considered to reflect the degree of anthropogenic contamination. Finally, we performed a multiple regression approach for hydrochemical data using the ∑cations as a dependent variable and the concentration data of each anion (natural or anthropogenic) as an independent variable. Using this approach, we could estimate the relative roles of anthropogenic and natural processes. Rather than the conventional evaluation scheme based on water quality criteria, this approach will be more useful and reasonable for the evaluation of groundwater quality in a specific region and also can be used for planning appropriate protection and remedial actions.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2013

The contamination of chlorinated ethenes at an industrial complex, Wonju, Korea, was examined based on sixteen rounds of groundwater quality data collected from 2009 to 2013. Remediation technologies such as soil vapor extraction, soil flushing, biostimulation, and pumping-and-treatment have been applied to eliminate the contaminant sources of trichloroethylene (TCE) and to prevent the migration of TCE plume from remediation target zones. At each remediation target zone, temporal monitoring data before and after the application of remediation techniques showed that the aqueous concentrations of TCE plume present at and around the main source areas decreased significantly as a result of remediation technologies. However, the TCE concentration of the plumes at the downstream area remained unchanged in response to the remediation action, but it showed a great fluctuation according to seasonal recharge variation during the monitoring period. Therefore, variations in the contaminant flux across three transects were analyzed. Prior to the remediation action, the concentration and mass discharges of TCE at the transects were affected by seasonal recharge variation and residual DNAPLs sources. After the remediation, the effect of remediation took place clearly at the transects. By tracing a time-series of plume evolution, a greater variation in the TCE concentrations was detected at the plumes near the source zones compared to the relatively stable plumes in the downstream. The difference in the temporal profiles of TCE concentrations between the plumes in the source zone and those in the downstream could have resulted from remedial actions taken at the source zones. This study demonstrates that long term monitoring data are useful in assessing the effectiveness of remediation practices.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제14권1호_spc
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• pp.111-134
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• 2008

이 논문에서는 한국 청소년의 학업동기가 어떤 양상으로 발달하는 가를 탐색하기 위하여 학업동기에 핵심적인 영향을 미치는 지각된 유능감과 자율성 개념을 중심으로 중학생과 고등학생들을 대상으로 수행한 경험적 연구 논문들을 검토하였다. 지각된 유능감은 자기효능감 이론과 기대-가치이론, 자기결정성이론에 기초한 연구들을 대상으로 하였으며, 자율성은 내재동기이론의 하나인 자기결정성이론에 기초한 연구들을 대상으로 하였다. 연구들을 종합한 결과, 초등학생시기부터 중학교로 올라가면서 유능감은 감소하다가 고등학교로 가면 약간 증가하거나 변화가 없는 경향을 나타냈다. 자기조절 유형 별로 확인한 자율적 동기 역시 중학생들의 발달 상태가 초등학생에 비해 퇴보된 것과 같은 결과를 보였다. 모든 연령 수준에서 내재동기가 낮고 확인된 조절 동기가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 학년이 올라감에 따라 무동기 경향이 높아지는 결과가 나타났음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과에 대해 논의하고 후속 연구와 교육현장에서 고려해야 할 사항들에 대해 제안하였다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2019

On December 31, 2018, an incident occurred where a doctor was attacked and killed by a patient carrying a lethal weapon in the outpatients' clinic of the psychiatric department of a tertiary general hospital. The suspect was diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder (manic depressive disorder) and has been hospitalized and cared for in the psychiatric ward of this hospital. This incident illustrates the necessity of more active cures and therapeutic intervention for mental patients with intellectual developmental disorders who require treatment considering the fact that a radical outcome has been caused by such a patient. However, on the other hand, there is also a need for an approach and analysis from the perspective of crime prevention for all medical departments. The reason for this is that even a tertiary general hospital equipped with the largest human resources, medical devices, facilities, and so forth, is susceptible to violence. As for illegal actions perpetrated against health and medical service personnel in medical institutions, such as verbal abuse, assault, injury, etc. there have neither been understanding shown for the current extent of damage in detail, nor discussions of active institutional improvement related to the seriousness of the act. It can be said that violence in the field of medical treatment is a realm requiring serious discussion and appropriate remedial actions. This is because when such incidents take place, if a patient who is supposed to get treatment from the damaged health care provider is in an urgent situation or on the waiting list of serious cases, he or she could suffer serious damage caused by deprivation of treatment opportunity, or secondary damage might be caused to the patient and/or a guardian who can hardly have an opportunity to take action. Accordingly, in this review, we would like to help create the necessary conditions for both health and medical service personnel and patients/guardians, respectively, to provide and receive medical treatment in a more secure environment. Therefore, objective assessment of the institution and issues relating to this aforementioned incident and general cases of violence occurring in medical institutions, and by suggesting legal and institutional improvements and solutions.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2007

위해성에 근거한 복원 전략(risk-based remediation strategy, RBRS)은 위해성평가를 통하여 오염지역의 위해성 또는 오염원을 효율적으로 관리하기 위한 의사결정과정 중의 일부로서, 토양에 존재하는 독성물질이 인간이나 생태계와 같은 수용체로 전이되어 발현되는 독성을 감소시키는 것을 목적으로 한다. 토양오염에 대한 위해성평가는 토양에서 대기로 확산되어나가는 오염물질의 흡입, 토양에서 지하수로 용출된 오염물질의 섭취, 토양 자체의 섭취와 접촉 등에 의한 위해성평가를 포함하며, 오염물질의 특성뿐만 아니라 수리지질학적 자료, 토지이용용도, 수용체의 특성 등 현장의 특이적인 요소들을 충분히 고려해야 한다. 위해성에 근거한 복원전략은 위해성산정을 위한 현장조사로부터 시작하여, 구체화된 노출경로모델(conceptual site model, CSM)의 작성, 목표위해성 수준의 결정, 오염물질의 물리화학적 특성 및 독성학적 자료의 수집을 거쳐, 일반적이고 보수적인 조건 하에 가장 안전한 목표정화수준을 산정하는 Tier 1 평가와 보다 정확한 오염현장의 조사를 통하여 현장특수성을 반영하는 Tier 2 평가를 단계적으로 적용한다. 현장의 오염농도가 Tier 1으로 결정된 허용오염수준(risk-based screening level, RBSL)보다 높은 경우 Tier 2를 실시하여 현장의 특수성을 반영하는 목표정화수준(site-specific target level)을 산정하며, 이를 통하여 오염지역에 대한 과도한 정화처리나 비경제적인 복구사업 등을 피할 수 있다. 위해성에 근거한 복원전략은 이 밖에도 오염지역의 복원우선순위 결정, 토지이용용도에 따른 위해성 관리기준 수립 등 다양한 활용성을 가지지만, 여러 가지 전제조건들과 현장조사 시에 발생하는 현실적 한계 등으로 인하여 불확실성을 가진다. 이를 극복하기 위하여 정확한 CSM의 작성, 복합오염에 대한 고려, 오염물질의 이동과 거동에 영향을 미치는 환경매질의 특성과 모델 입력변수 등을 신중하게 검토해야 하며, 신뢰할 만한 현장조사기법과 독성검사기법의 확립, 국내실정에 맞는 토양 및 지하수 특성자료와 인체 노출인자 등에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1232-1236
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• 2004

In the Far-Eastern traditional medicine, Oi[Energy] implies a wide range of meaning and is emphasized. There is nothing that is not related to this Qi, as seen in physiology, pathology, the relationship between human body and nature, the movements of intestines and gyeongnak[energy networks], the process of outbreak and change of illness, remedial laws, the features and effects of drugs, and so on. Accordingly, Nei Jing also says, 'every sickness arises from OL' The Qi has multi-meanings, and each of lots Of past physicians researched and analyzed it in different perspective, thus making the Qi-theories much richer. Still. there were not so many physicians who discussed the theme of Daqi. The denomination of Daqi is seen in Nei Jing and Jin Gui Yao Lue, and the physicians like Yu Chang in Ming dynasty and Zhang Xi Chun in Cheng dynasty, etc. applied and utilized Daqi by exploring its functional actions for human life and associating it with clinical practices. Yu Chang said that Daqi is Xiong Zong Yangqi[Positive Energy in Breast] governing every Qi, and that if this Qi is full, it spreads through body and protects the body from sickness, and vice versa. Summarizing his researches on the Daqi in Jin Gui Yao Lue and on the opinions of Yu Chang as well as his experiences, Chang Xi Chun maintained that the Qi accumulated in breast must be named Daqi, which constitutes the contents of Zongqi[Chief Energy] mentioned in Nei Jing. Once the Qi is vacant, breathing is not smooth, whole body is enervated, spirit becomes dim, thinking ability falls drastically. Furthermore, if the Qi is extremely vacant or more worsens, breathing stops. And he prescribed the medicines including Sheng Xian Tang as remedies against the symptom of Daqi XiaXian[Fall in Great Energy]. The recognitions of Daqi by Yu Chang and Zhang Xi Chun are consistent with each other. At any rate, their theories and prescriptions may be high in practical value in contemporary clinics.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2015

연구는 SEA 사후관리에 대한 국내 외 제도와 해외사례를 조사 분석하여 시사점을 도출함으로 국내 SEA 제도 개선에 밑거름이 되고자 한다. 국내는 SEIA를 시행하고 있으며 현재 대상계획, 구체적인 지표, 실효성 있는 운영방안 등 관련 논의와 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다. 현 상황에서 국내 SEA 사후관리를 위한 구체적인 방안을 제시하기엔 한계가 있으므로 국내 SEA 사후관리를 위한 시사점을 몇 가지 제안하고자 한다. 첫째, SEA 사후관리의 내용은 대상계획에 따라 달라질 수 있으며, 계획의 특성을 고려하여야 한다. 둘째, SEA 사후관리의 주체, 방법, 시기 및 주기, 조치결과 등은 SEA 협의대상에 따라 다르게 적용할 수 있다. 셋째, SEA 사후관리의 지표에는 다양한 환경기준과 더불어 현재 정치 사회 경제적 큰 이슈가 되는 지표들을 함께 고려할 수 있다. 넷째, SEA 사후관리는 해당 대상계획과 환경계획과의 통합과정으로 활용될 수 있다. 다섯째, SEA 모니터링의 결과가 환류될 수 있는 시스템이 마련되어야 한다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.30-31
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• 2009

Early detection of schedule delay in field construction activities is vital to project management. It provides the opportunity to initiate remedial actions and increases the chance of controlling such overruns or minimizing their impacts. This entails project managers to design, implement, and maintain a systematic approach for progress monitoring to promptly identify, process and communicate discrepancies between actual and as-planned performances as early as possible. Despite importance, systematic implementation of progress monitoring is challenging: (1) Current progress monitoring is time-consuming as it needs extensive as-planned and as-built data collection; (2) The excessive amount of work required to be performed may cause human-errors and reduce the quality of manually collected data and since only an approximate visual inspection is usually performed, makes the collected data subjective; (3) Existing methods of progress monitoring are also non-systematic and may also create a time-lag between the time progress is reported and the time progress is actually accomplished; (4) Progress reports are visually complex, and do not reflect spatial aspects of construction; and (5) Current reporting methods increase the time required to describe and explain progress in coordination meetings and in turn could delay the decision making process. In summary, with current methods, it may be not be easy to understand the progress situation clearly and quickly. To overcome such inefficiencies, this research focuses on exploring application of unsorted daily progress photograph logs - available on any construction site - as well as IFC-based 4D models for progress monitoring. Our approach is based on computing, from the images themselves, the photographer's locations and orientations, along with a sparse 3D geometric representation of the as-built scene using daily progress photographs and superimposition of the reconstructed scene over the as-planned 4D model. Within such an environment, progress photographs are registered in the virtual as-planned environment, allowing a large unstructured collection of daily construction images to be interactively explored. In addition, sparse reconstructed scenes superimposed over 4D models allow site images to be geo-registered with the as-planned components and consequently, a location-based image processing technique to be implemented and progress data to be extracted automatically. The result of progress comparison study between as-planned and as-built performances can subsequently be visualized in the D4AR - 4D Augmented Reality - environment using a traffic light metaphor. In such an environment, project participants would be able to: 1) use the 4D as-planned model as a baseline for progress monitoring, compare it to daily construction photographs and study workspace logistics; 2) interactively and remotely explore registered construction photographs in a 3D environment; 3) analyze registered images and quantify as-built progress; 4) measure discrepancies between as-planned and as-built performances; and 5) visually represent progress discrepancies through superimposition of 4D as-planned models over progress photographs, make control decisions and effectively communicate those with project participants. We present our preliminary results on two ongoing construction projects and discuss implementation, perceived benefits and future potential enhancement of this new technology in construction, in all fronts of automatic data collection, processing and communication.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2023

Background: This study aims to reevaluate natural radiation exposure, following up on our previous study conducted in 2019, and to assess the associated risk of lung cancer to the public residing in the gold mining areas of Betare-Oya, east Cameroon, and its vicinity. Materials and Methods: Gamma-ray spectra collected using a 7.62 cm×7.62 cm in NaI(Tl) scintillation spectrometer during a car-borne survey, in situ measurements and laboratory measurements performed in previous studies were used to determine the outdoor absorbed dose rate in air to evaluate the annual external dose inhaled by the public. For determining internal exposure, radon gas concentrations were measured and used to estimate the inhalation dose while considering the inhalation of radon and its decay products. Results and Discussion: The mean value of the laboratory-measured outdoor gamma dose rate was 47 nGy/hr, which agrees with our previous results (44 nGy/hr) recorded through direct measurements (in situ and car-borne survey). The resulting annual external dose (0.29±0.09 mSv/yr) obtained is similar to that of the previous study (0.33±0.03 mSv/yr). The total inhalation dose resulting from radon isotopes and their decay products ranged between 1.96 and 9.63 mSv/yr with an arithmetic mean of 3.95±1.65 mSv/yr. The resulting excess lung cancer risk was estimated; it ranged from 62 to 216 excess deaths per million persons per year (MPY), 81 to 243 excess deaths per MPY, or 135 excess deaths per MPY, based on whether risk factors reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of Atomic Radiation, or International Commission on Radiological Protection were used, respectively. These values are more than double the world average values reported by the same agencies. Conclusion: There is an elevated level of risk of lung cancer from indoor radon in locations close to the Betare-Oya gold mining region in east Cameroon. Therefore, educating the public on the harmful effects of radon exposure and considering some remedial actions for protection against radon and its progenies is necessary.