• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.97-121
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• 2015

In this research, we examine whether and why temporal distance influences evaluations of two different types of brand extensions: concept-based extensions, defined as extensions primarily based on the importance or relevance of brand concepts to extension products; and similarity-based extensions, defined as extensions primarily based on the amount of feature similarity at the product-category level. In Study 1, we test the hypothesis that concept-based extensions are evaluated more favorably when they are framed to launch in the distant rather than in the near future, whereas similaritybased extensions are evaluated more favorably when they are framed to launch in the near rather than in the distant future. In Study 2, we confirm that this time-dependent differential evaluation is driven by the difference in construal level between the bases of the two types of extensions - i.e., brand-concept consistency and product-category feature similarity. As such, we find that conceptbased extensions are evaluated more favorably under the abstract than concrete mindset, whereas similarity-based extensions are evaluated more favorably under the concrete than abstract mindset. In Study 3, we extend to the case for a broad brand (i.e., brands that market products across multiple categories), finding that making accessible a specific product category of a broad parent brand influences evaluations of near-future, but not distant-future, brand extensions. Combined together, our findings suggest that temporal distance influences brand extension evaluation through its effect on the importance placed on brand concepts and feature similarity. That is, consumers rely on different bases to evaluate brand extensions, depending on their perception of when the extensions take place and on under what mindset they are placed. This research makes theoretical contributions to the brand extension research by identifying one important determinant to brand extension evaluation and also uncovering its underlying dynamics. It also contributes to expanding the scope of the construal level theory by putting forth a novel interpretation of two bases of perceived fit in terms of construal level. Marketers who are about to launch and advertise brand extensions may benefit by considering temporal-distance information in determining what content to deliver about extensions in their communication efforts. Conceptual relation of a parent brand to extensions needs to be emphasized in the distant future, whereas feature similarity should be highlighted in the near future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.6595-6603
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• 2015

This study analyzes the moderating effects of the self-esteem on the life satisfaction of 2,040 middle school senior students using the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2012 Data (KCYPS 2012) provided by the National Youth Policy Institute. The path analysis of how environmental characteristics, such as parents, friends, and school, affect life satisfaction, is based on four groups of self-esteem, categorized by positive and negative self-evaluation levels. The analysis suggests that groups with higher levels of positive self-evaluation have closer relevance in more paths than other groups. Furthermore, in groups with higher levels of negative self-evaluation, negative effects on life satisfaction are offset by positive self-evaluation. These results suggest research associated with the mental health of adolescents and their self-esteem should be performed according to two separate levels of self-esteem: positive self-evaluation and negative self-evaluation. Since low levels of negative self-evaluation doesn't necessarily guarantee high levels of positive self-evaluation, counseling for adolescents needs to have different tracks, addressing positive and negative self-evaluation levels.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.819-839
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• 2009

Proposed increases to the government's R&D budget should be discussed based on merits of meeting efficiency and effectiveness criteria. The evaluation of the national R&D budget and related programs are performed in two areas: a system of R&D budget coordination and allocation, and a system of R&D program performance. This paper mainly focuses on the operational areas of R&D budget evaluation system with a focus on their impact to efficiency and effectiveness. The core view point for a R&D budget evaluation system involves two directions: Firstly, to detail the relationships between the later stage (ex. post) activities such as, program survey, analysis, and program performance evaluation, with the budget evaluation. Secondly, to critically oversee all R&D coordination procedures with a different perspective. Budgeting is generally known as a serial process of policy making, planning and executing. It is highly desirable for the budget to be allocated to, and spent by, specific programs as planned, and that each plan be aligned with a specific policy. As such, a strong relevance between the program structure and budget code system is integral to successful execution. It should be performed using a decision making system which closely examines the link between policy and budget. It is also recommended that systematic relationships be maintained among budget coordination and allocation, performance evaluations of policy and program levels, and program survey and analysis system, and that their operational schedule should be reviewed comprehensively as a one integrated system. The National Science and Technology Council is expected to play a major and practical role as the center of policy planning and should be supported by the objective and unbiased system which covers overall process from policy making to program evaluation. Finally, increased utilization of contents, timely program survey and analysis, and accurate of activity scheduling of budget coordination and allocation, and diligent program performance evaluation all contribute towards a more efficient and effective overall evaluation system.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.161-202
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the ex-post evaluation reports of KOICA's grant aid project in terms of criteria, methods, and contents. To this end, we will examine the evaluation history and process with particular reference to EDCF and KOICA. Our key research questions are: 1) How are the evaluation standards of the OECD DAC reflected in the KOICA ex-post evaluation reports? 2) Whether did Korea's practices of development evaluation change after its entry into the OECD DAC. The paper attempted an content analysis on the key words used in findings and recommendation section of the reports since 1998 that ara available on the website of KOICA. The main results can be summarized as follows. First, the frequency of OECD DAC criteria(relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact, sustainability) and the use of quantitative methods have been increasing after joining the OECD DAC. Second, in the ex-post evaluation reports issued after 2010, the reference indices including the Project Design Matrix (PDM), baseline data, and performance have increased exponentially.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2003

This study investigated the correlation of the physical measurements and the basic physical fitness of 158 female students in the city of Seoul. The average age of the subjects was 22.0 ${\pm}$ 0.13 years old, the average height was 160.9 ${\pm}$ 0.7cm and the average weight was 53.4 ${\pm}$ 0.6kg. The mean BMI (Body Mass Index) was 20.7 ${\pm}$ 0.2kg/㎡. The average muscle mass was 36.5 ${\pm}$ 0.3 and the average body fat percentage was 28.0 ${\pm}$ 0.4%. The basic fitness levels of the subjects were measured based on the evaluation chart of the Korea Health and Science Research Institution (1994). The subjects were divided into 3 groups based on BMI(Group I : BMI < 20, Group II : 20 $\leq$ BMI < 25, Group III BMI $\geq$ 25) and the correlation between BMI and physical fitness was assessed. 1) The muscle strength of the subjects was measured by their grip strength, among other tests. Groups 1 and 2 were evaluated as “su” (level 1) and group 3 was “woo” (level 2). 2) Endurance 1 was tested by push-ups, and while groups 1 and 2 were evaluated as “su” (level 1), group 3 was “ga” (level 5). This result did not suggest any significant relevance among the subjects. 3) Endurance 2 was tested by sit-ups : groups 1 and 2 were evaluated as “mi” (level 3) and group 3 as “yang” (level 4). Group 2 and group 3 showed a significant difference. 4) Instant power was tested by standing high jumps, and although there was a significant difference between group 1 and group 3, all of the subjects were evaluated as “ga” (level 5). 5) Flexibility was measured by how far the subjects could bend forward. There was no significant relevance between the groups and they were all respectively evaluated as “woo” (level 2). 6) Agility was tested with side-steps and all the subjects showed poor agility as “yang” (level 4). 7) Heart and lung endurance was tested by the step test, calculating the maximum oxygen intake with the Physical Energy Index (PEI) and using the numbers according to the evaluation chart. Group 1 was evaluated as “mi” (level 3) and groups 2 and 3 were “woo” (level 2). From these results, we could see the group III (obese group) had a tendency of lower levels in all the variables related to body fitness They showed significantly lower endurance assessed with time for sit-ups and instant power by the standing high jumps. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) : 29∼36, 2003)

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.35-51
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop and establish the preliminary validity of the Restaurant Accessibility and Task Evaluation Information Tool (RATE-IT), an electronic survey for evaluating restaurant accessibility for people with disabilities. Methods : A multi-phase method was used to develop and validate the RATE-IT. The taxonomy was developed in phase one, while the validity of the content was tested in phase two. Finally, the validity of the constructs was assessed in phase three. Results : The results indicated that appropriate items were included (relevance=0.99 and language level=0.99) and also supported that the RATE-IT evaluated the construct of restaurant accessibility (F=0.72, p=.40). When compared to a checklist of the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) for Buildings and Facilities questions, RATE-IT showed the potential to differentiate restaurants by their level of accessibility (p=.10). Further, the RATE-IT was also easy to use (p<.00), understandable (p<.00), and efficient (p<.00). Conclusion : RATE-IT shows a promising methodology and is strongly preferred by users.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.511-519
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• 2016

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is mostly observed in patients with cardiac disease, such as myocardial ischemia or LVH, but linking is usually observed in healthy people without heart disease. Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic failure in normal cardiac output(systolic function) conditions can affect the progress and prognosis of heart failure. The direct relevance to the epicardial adipose tissue metabolism in cardiovascular engine for generating a bioactive moleculer, which leads to dysfunction of the later had a direct effect on myocardial heart. The purpose of this study is to measure the thickness of the epicardial adipose tissue was to study the relevance of the assessment of diastolic dysfunction in systolic function in normal conditions. Results epicardial adipose tissue thickness and diastolic dysfunction was analyzed to have a high correlation in a statistically significant level. In particular, the epicardial adipose tissue thickness measured at the measuring section EAT2 and diastolic function evaluation E' was found to have a high correlation. Thus epicardial adipose tissue thickness variation is believed can be used as a predictor to evaluate the left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.35-43
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the correlation between joint sounds and radiographic bone change patterns along with clinical symptoms of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) patients. Methods: The patients for this study were over 19 years of age, diagnosed tentatively with TMJ OA. The patients were examined with temporomandibular disorders analysis test and all three radiographs, including panoramic radiography, transcranial radiography, and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Information of the patients' age, pain status, joint sound and mouth opening range were collected. And bone change pattern was examined by reviewing panoramic radiography, transcranial radiography and CBCT images. Results: The patients with crepitus had a higher average active mouth opening (AMO) range than patients without crepitus, and the group with bilateral crepitus had a higher average AMO range than the group with unilateral crepitus (p<0.001). And the patient with pain during mastication was increased in the group with clicking than the group without clicking, and the group with bilateral clicking showed a statistically significant increase in the patient with pain during mastication than the group with unilateral clicking (p<0.05). The analytical results of the relevance of crepitus showed a high correlation with bone change observed from each of the three radiographs. And the agreement in bone change findings from 3 groups of paired radiographs showed high agreement (p<0.001). Meanwhile, 77.2% of CBCT findings showed bone change of condyle without crepitus (p<0.001). Conclusions: This study presented significant results in the evaluation of the correlation with crepitus and bone change of TMJ OA patients from panoramic radiography or transcranial projection. However, the accurate assessment is required through CBCT for the patient with complains of persistent pain, limitation of mouth opening, and occlusal change even if the crepitus does not exist.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine whether any pretreatment parameters were associated with pharmacological effect or toxicity parameters after vincristine administration and to describe a mathematical model, which explains the interpatient pharmacodynamic variability. The relationship between patient characteristics and vincristine dose and hematological toxicity were evaluated. 68 pediatric and adolescence patients and 107 adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with vincristine $1.5mg/m^2/day$ IV and other anticancer drugs as scheduled. Complete blood counts and other blood test results were obtained. The input variables were age, gender, weight, lean body weight (LBW), height, body surface area, vincristine dose and total vincristine dose. The outcome measures were nadir values (white blood cells, absolute neutrophil counts, hemoglobin, and platelets); the absolute decrease, relative decrease, and survival fraction of blood cells. Polynomial regression analysis was carried out to determine the other significant covariates. The variability of $WBC_{nadir}$ was modeled with good precision and accuracy with a two-covariate model. This model should be validated and improved on with further clinical data. We believe that such pharmacodynamic modeling should be explored further to determine its performance and clinical relevance compared with modeling using pharmacokinetic parameter.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.2893-2899
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• 2009

The study classified speech styles of shopping hosts and tried to examine how the classified speech styles have an effect on the evaluation of shopping hosts and the purchase intentions. In the evaluation of speech styles of shopping hosts, except customer-oriented confutative style, credibility, descriptive relevance, other speech styles are analyzed to have an impact on the styles. When we investigate the influential relations between speech styles proved by a theory and the evaluation of shopping hosts, the demonstrative style comes first, the expressive style is next and the descriptive follows in terms of influential power. In terms of the purchasing intention, speech styles of shopping hosts have an effect on the demonstrative and expressive types rather than the elucidative and descriptive ones. Namely, the analysis shows that the speech style which is logically persuasive and expresses the contents in detail is preferred to the descriptive and leading speech style.