• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.6
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• pp.199-217
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• 2000

Relative pronoun that is one of the important relative pronouns but we have an impression that its scope of use has been somewhat narrowed. In the light of history of relative pronouns relative pronoun toot has the longest history of all relative pronouns and it was widely used even in Middle English and early Modem English. On The other hand, we can see that the relative use of that has been gradually weakened as the relative pronouns who and which has expanded their scope of use. It is quite natural that the scope of use of toot as a relative pronoun has been narrowed as who is mainly used in referring to person and which is mainly used in referring to things. And we can note that that is used only in restrictive clauses, not in nonrestrictive clauses, for that has a strong characteristics of relative conjunction in comparing with who and which. That as a relative pronoun still has its own weight because it can take an antecedent referring to person and thing. In particular, it is general tendency that who is used more frequently than that in the case of referring that it is not adequate for that to refer to things. In contrast, who has an advantage over that because the former originally refers only to person.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.23-43
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• 2012

This study investigates the effects of three different types of instruction, namely form-based, comprehension-based, and production-based on the development of Korean university students' (n=137) comprehension and production of English relative clauses (RCs). The extent of improvements was analyzed by administering pre-and post-tests consisting of two comprehension tests (selecting the right form of RCs and the right picture descriptions) and one production test (combining two sentences). Findings of this study suggest that all three types of instruction increased participants' comprehension and productions of RCs. However, there appeared differential effects by the instruction type. It was found production-based instruction was most effective in promoting comprehension, followed by comprehension-based instruction. Comprehension-based instruction worked best with the development of production, suggesting that the effects of comprehension training did not only work for increasing comprehension skills, but also transfer to production skills. The type or level of tasks employed for each instruction appeared to play an important role in causing such results. Form-based instruction displayed the lowest improvements in both comprehension and production of RCs. A sentence-combination task employed for form-based instruction appear to result in mere explicit rule explanations without chances to notice rules in context or use their knowledge in practice.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.507-533
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• 2009

This paper examines the time course and processing patterns of filler-gap dependencies in Korean relative clauses, using an eyetracking method. Participants listened to a short story while viewing four pictures of entities mentioned in the story. Each story is followed by an auditorily presented question involving a relative clause (subject relative or dative relative). Participants' eye movements in response to the question were recorded. Results showed that the proportion of looks to the picture corresponding to a filler noun significantly increased at the relative verb affixed with a relativizer, and was largest at the filler where the fixation duration on the filler picture significantly increased. These results suggest that online resolution of the filler-gap dependency only starts at the relative verb marked with a relativiser and is finally completed at the filler position. Accordingly, they partly support the filler-driven parsing strategy for Korean, as for head-initial languages. In addition, the different patterns of eye movements between subject relatives and dative relatives indicate the role of case markers in parsing Korean sentences.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.134-139
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• 2021

This paper discusses the types and functions of English subordinate clauses, whether English subordinate clauses (SC) are headed by a Complementizer (CP) or headed by a lexical (but not functional) Preposition (PP). Furthermore, unlike the standard classification, the current paper provides a finer-grained analysis and classification of English SCs. The traditional or prescriptive view on the functions of English SCs includes Noun SC such as complement clauses, Adjectival SC including relative clauses, and Adverbial SCs that cover a garden variety of subordinators. Added to the existing classification of subordination in English is what I notate as Verbless subordinate clause (V-less SC). Of these 4 different types of subordinate clauses with different functions, properties, and distributions, Subjectless Verbless subordinate clause is further divided into Smallest small clause (SSC) which accounts for English subordination mechanism more uniformly and consistently with respect to their clausal architecture, especially when the subordinate clause is neither PP nor CP.

• Language and Information
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2003

Quantifier floating is one of the much studied phenomena in natural languages where quantifying expressions may appear in places other than their original prenominal one. Its presence is especially prominent in languages such as Korean that allow more or less free word order. We find that, in addition to what is described in the literature, there are other remarkable regularities in the way the language allows quantifiers to “float” with respect to various constructions including coordination, relative clauses, and embedded clauses. These regularities are captured syntactically in a combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) framework for Korean. We also show how to derive semantic representations for Korean quantifier floating in the same CCG framework.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.493-503
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• 2018

The present study is a conceptual replication of O'Grady, Lee, and Choo's (2003) earlier study designed to investigate two hypotheses (linear distance hypothesis vs. structural distance hypothesis) in relation to L2 Korean learners' processing of Korean subject and object relative clauses (RCs) in a scholarly attempt to explicate Keenan and Comrie's (1977) Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (NPAH). In addition, the current study is intended to explore any potential role of working memory capacity (WMC) in the processing of Korean subject and/or object RCs. Chinese-speaking learners of Korean taking a language course offered at a local university in Korea participated in this experimental study. Among those recruited, only 23 learners completed the experimental tasks appropriately according to the specific instructions provided on each task, and thus, subsequent statistical analyses were conducted on their data. Fifteen Korean NSs were also recruited for the control group. Two experimental tasks were administerd to the participants: one picture selection task containing the same test items used in O'Grady et al.'s study to measure their processing of subject-object RCs and an operation span (OSPAN) task to measure their WMC. Somewhat differently from O'Grady et al.'s findings, the participating Chinese learners of Korean performed significantly better on object RCs than on subject RCs, seemingly lending support to the linear distance hypothesis. Further analyses, however, suggested that the results in favor of, or relative ease of processing, object relative clauses were due, most likely, to the learners' excessive use of the canonical sentence strategy, which also led to nonsignificant correlations between WMC and learner performance on the picture selection task.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.6
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• pp.35-47
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• 2000

This study questions the validity of Crosslinguistic Influence (CLI) in EFL Learning. A ten-minute grammaticality judgement test involving resumptive pronouns in English relative clauses was given to 15 female subjects. The research results, which were analysed in terns of language transfer and universalist arguments, support the existence of a universal process that guides L2 learning, and some common developmental patterns between the two processes of L1 and L2 learning. Hence, the universalist view should be given at least equal Weight as the CLI approach.

• Language and Information
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

There have been two opposing views on the structure of the so-called head internal relative construction(HIRC) in Korean/Japanese, i.e., a view that analyzes the HIRC categorially as a nominal projection and functionally as an argument(Kuroda 1992, Watanabe 1992, Hoshi 1996, Jhang 1991/1994, among others) vs. a view that analyzes the HIRC categorially as an adjunct clause and functionally as a non-argument(Murasugi 1994). This paper on the one hand points out several phenomena indicating that Murasugi's analysis is more viable, while on the other hand proposing a more complex structure than Murasugi's to account for other facts as well. The no/kes clause in the HIRC will be analyzed as the complement of a null perception verb whose projection constitutes part of an adjunct clause.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1999.10e
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• pp.265-271
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• 1999

이 논문은 한국어 관계관형절(relative adnominal clause)의 전산처리에 적합한 통사 의미 표상 모형을 제시하고, 그 결과를 전산적 구현을 통해서 검증하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 이 논문에서는 다음의 두 가지 문제를 중심으로 관계관형절의 통사 의미 표상과 전산적 구현 문제를 다룬다. 첫째, 관계관형절의 수식을 받는 머리 명사(head noun)는 관계관형절과 모문(matrix sentence)에서 각각 다른 의미역할을 하는 논항이다. 즉, 하나의 논항이 두 개의 의미역을 표상한다. 이 논문의 첫째 과제는 이러한 관계관형절 구문에서 머리 명사의 이중의미역을 표상하는 방법을 모색하는 것이다. 둘째, 관계관형절이 일항술어로 구성될 때, 서술어 단독으로 머리 명사를 수식할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 주격중출 구문을 관계화하여 미리 명사를 수식할 수도 있다. 그러나 모든 일항술어가 주격중출 구문을 구성할 수 있는 것은 아니기 때문에 주격중출 구문의 관계화가 가능한 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우를 구별할 필요가 있다. 이 논문의 둘째 과제는 이러한 주격중출 구문의 관계화와 그 표상의 문제를 다루는 것이다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 문제들을 단순히 기술하는 데 그치지 않고 전산 구현을 통해 문제해결을 제시한다. 이를 위해 구현 도구로 C-언어를 보강하여 개발한 문법개발 도구언어인 말라가(Malaga)를 사용하며, 분석결과를 자질구조(feature structure)로 명시하여 그 타당성을 검토한다.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.33
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• pp.221-243
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• 2007

A party to a contract is bound to perform its contractual duties. But outside events may make performance impossible, physically or legally. In such a situation a party may wish to plead "force majeure" as an excuse for failure to perform. The laws of most countries have provisions which dealt with force majeure. These provisions, however, vary from country to country and may not meet the parties' requirement in international contracts. Therefore, parties to international contracts are frequently in need of contract clauses on force majeure. There are many force majeure clauses in standard forms or individually negotiated. The ICC has drawn up provisions which aim at providing assistance for parties when they are making contracts. The force majeure clause grants relief from contractual sanctions and includes provisions for suspension and termination of contract. The purpose of this study is to examine "ICC Force Majeure Clause 2003" in the international sales contract. For this purpose, firstly this study deals with the major contents of the ICC Force Majeure Clause 1985 and 2003. Secondly this study considers the related provisions under CISG, PICC, PECL and the force majeure clause in Model International Sale Contract. Thirdly this study compares ICC Force Majeure Clause 2003 with the relative provisions under CISG, PICC, PECL and the force majeure clause in Model International Sale Contract. It should be noted that the parties often need to adapt the content of this clause so as to take account of the particular circumstances of the individual contract. This paper contributes to help the parties to a contract to draft the meaningful "Force Majeure Clause" containing more precise and elaborate provisions.