• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.318-325
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• 1996

Background: Sympathectomy relieves pain in sympathectically maintained pain, and subcutaneous injection of norepinephrine(NE) can rekindle mechanical allodynia. However, the mechanism of rekindling is not clear. The purpose of this study is to investigate which subtype of $\alpha$-adrenoceptor is involved in NE-induced rekindling of mechanical allodynia in sympathectomized neuropathic rats. Methods: Neuropathic injury was produced by tightly ligating the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves of 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats and bilateral lumbar sympathectomy was done at two weeks postoperatively. Starting at 7 days after sympathectomy, rekindling of mechanical allodynia was induced by NE and clonidine injected into the left paw, which was reversed by pretreatment of phentolamine and idazoxan. Mechanical allocynia was quantified by measuring the frequency of foot lifts to two von Frey filaments applied to the paw. Results: All tested rats displayed well-developed signs of mechanical allodynia at the left paw that were abolished by a bilateral lumbar sympathectomy. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of NE (0.05 ${\mu}g$) into the affected paw of sympathectomized neuropathic rats rekindled previous mechanical allodynia. These effects could be mimicked by an ${\alpha}_2$-receptor agonist clonidine, but not by an ${\alpha}_1$-receptor agonist phenylephrine. The NE-induced rekindling of mechanical allodynia was significantly reduced by prior s.c. injection of a mixed $\alpha$-receptor antagonist phentolamine (20${\mu}g$) and ${\alpha}_2$-receptor antagonist idazoxan(20${\mu}g$), but not by a ${\alpha}_1$-receptor antagonist terazosin (20${\mu}g$). The pretreatment of idazoxan produced dose-related inhibition of NE-induced rekindling of mechanical allodynia. The rekindling induced by ${\alpha}_2$-receptor agonist clonidine (5${\mu}g$) was also reversed by prior s.c. injection of ${\alpha}_2$-receptor antagonist idazoxan (20${\mu}g$). Conclusion: Subcutaneous injection of NE into the paw of sympathectomized neuropathic rats rekindles mechanical allodynia, which is reversed by an ${\alpha}_2$-, but not by an ${\alpha}_1$-receptor antagonist. Therefore, rekindling of mechanical allodynia in sympathectomized neuropathic rats is mediated by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.55-73
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• 2018

The substantial slowdown of economic growth since the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 is rekindling debate on whether developing Asia should use fiscal expansion to boost aggregate demand. A key factor in the debate is the effectiveness of countercyclical fiscal policy in the region. The global crisis, as well as the fiscal stimulus packages implemented by developing Asian countries at that time, give some clues to this important issue. The region weathered the global crisis well and experienced a robust V-shaped recovery. According to conventional wisdom, the fiscal stimulus packages put in place by Asian governments played a key role in the region's recovery. The central objective of this paper is to empirically test this wisdom by using cross-country panel data. Our main finding is that the stimulus has had a limited but positive impact on developing Asia's output during the global crisis. This lends some support to the notion that countercyclical fiscal policy can help the region cope with severe external shocks. The broader, more fundamental implication for regional policymakers is that the region's long-standing commitment to fiscal discipline can yield significant benefits beyond macroeconomic stability. An important consequence of this commitment - relatively healthy fiscal balance sheets - enabled the region's governments to quickly and decisively embark upon fiscal stimulus programs.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2013

Developing a modern Han-style design and providing support for the commercialization development model in recent years has been propelled by the Han-style Support Strategies of the central government in conjunction with Han-style revitalization related projects that reflect the efforts of local governments. Han-style revitalization, the rekindling and revaluing of human behavior and interest in local governments following the social and cultural changes of the past decades, has emerged as an increasingly traditional area of concern in Han-style design. The purpose of the study was to provide a method which clarifies the design rules of the Han-style bathroom based on an evaluation of sensibilities and a rough set theory, and to give the components meaning and to systematize the method. Essentially, the Han-style bathroom design evaluation is a complex multi-criteria decision making process that seeks to improve the effectiveness and objectively of the Han-style bathroom design. Han-style bathroom design can be displayed in a graphical representation in response to input from the evaluation concerning sensibilities. Because the graphical representation is composed of 3D data, it is possible to display the Han-style bathroom design form in any desired perspective and also to perform shading and other operations. With the proposed method, it is possible to obtain a combination of several contributory components which can be referred to as Reducts, Covering Index and Column Score. Han-Style/Non Han-Style Bathroom Designs were identified by the combination of several components.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2012

Developing the modern design of Hanok and providing support for the commercialization model development in recent years propelled by the New Hanok Support Strategies of the central government in conjunction with the New Hanok revitalization related projects reflecting local goverments. New Hanok revitalization, the rekindling and revaluing of human behaviors and interests in local goverments following the social and cultural changes of the past decades, has emeraged as an increasingly traditional area of concerning in New Hanok planning. In this paper we attempt to this discussion by describing recent projects in New Hanok revitalization in Jeollanam-do Province. Therefore, this study aims to examine the classification of compound knowledges based multidimensional relationship by using Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). SOM is an unsupervised learning neural network model for the analysis of high-dimensional input data. By using SOM, we were able to create a cluster map reflecting the characteristics of the New Hanok. In this case the pattern of the preference data was easily understood by visual analysis. Liking for compound knowledge deduced from this data was classified into 8 categories according to the compound knowledge properties of New Hanok. As a result, a systematic approach for analysis the characteristics of individual family and living environment of New Hanoks and 10 space usage patterns the changes in some aspects of New Hanok.

• 해양안보
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-56
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• 2022

왜 인도는 해양으로 환경 설정된 인도태평양 지역의 핵심 행위자가 되었는가? 몇 가지 외부적 요인이 있지만, 인도의 경우 점점 더 험난해지는 지정학 및 안보 환경 속에서 인도의 지정학 및 해양 이권을 망라하는 전략지정학적 경계가 인도양 및 태평양에 걸친 자신의 영토를 넘어 빠르게 확장하고 있다. 따라서, 인도는 해양 군사력을 포함한 국력의 모든 면을 활용하여 이러한 전략적 무대 내의 사건에 영향을 미칠 능력을 갖춰야 한다. 이에 따라 인도 정부는 최근에 해상 안보 전략을 검토하는 데 많은 지적자본을 투자했다. 인도의 새로운 전략은 해상안보의 더 '소프트 (soft)'한 측면을 수반한 전체론적인 안보의 개념 및 전통적으로 '해양 전략에 대해 무지한 (sea-blindness)' 국가인 인도의 해양 인식을 되살리는 것을 전제로 하고 있다. 새로운 전략은 '안전한 바다 보장하기: 인도의 해상안보 전략'이라는 제목에서 분명히 보이듯이, 지금까지보다 더 지역 전체적, 포용적, 적극적인 접근법을 취하고 있다. 이 전략은 인도 연안 지역의 새로운 비전통적인 위협에 대한 커져가는 우려 및 군사적 억제력과 대비의 필요성을 다루는 한편, 전략적 자주성이라는 지속되는 원칙에 이끌린 다중 매개의 전략적 파트너십을 통한 것을 포함해 인도의 근접한 그리고 확장된 해양 주변부에서 호의적이고 규범에 기반한 온화한 환경을 추구하기 위한 인도의 필수적인 과제를 다룬다. 인도의 해상안보 전략에 대한 더욱 심오하고 포괄적인 이해를 위해 본 논문은 이 전략을 뒷받침하는 핵심적인 무언의 암시된 요소를 살펴본다. 이는 인도의 국가로서의 역사적, 문화적 진화; 전략적 지형; 지정학 및 안보에 대한 인식; 그리고 방위군에 대한 정치적 방향을 포함한다. 본 논문은 구체적으로 자연재해, 범죄 및 국가가 지원하는 테러에서부터 파키스탄과 중국이 가하는 위협에 이르는 해상위협에 대한 인도의 대응, 그리고 말라카 해협(Malacca Straits)의 동부에서 인도 해군이 구상 중인 역할을 다룬다. 또한, 인도의 해상안보 세력에 대한 조직개편 및 부대 기획의 측면도 분석한다.