• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.539-545
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• 2013

Background: The National Breast Cancer Audit Database of the Society of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand is used by surgeons to monitor treatment quality and for research. About 60% of early invasive female breast cancers in Australia are recorded. The objectives of this study are: (1) to investigate associations of socio-demographic, health-system and clinical characteristics with treatment of invasive female breast cancer by mastectomy compared with breast conserving surgery; and (2) to consider service delivery implications. Materials and Methods: Bi-variable and multivariable analyses of associations of characteristics with surgery type for cancers diagnosed in 1998-2010. Results: Of 30,299 invasive cases analysed, 11,729 (39%) were treated by mastectomy as opposed to breast conserving surgery. This proportion did not vary by diagnostic year (p>0.200). With major city residence as the reference category, the relative rate (95% confidence limits) of mastectomy was 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) for women from inner regional areas and 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) for those from more remote areas. Low annual surgeon case load (${\leq}10$) was predictive of mastectomy, with a relative rate of 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) when compared with higher case loads. Tumour size was also predictive, with a relative rate of 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) for large cancers (40+ mm) compared with smaller cancers (<30 mm). These associations were confirmed in multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: Results confirm previous studies showing higher mastectomy rates for residents of more remote areas, those treated by surgeons with low case loads, and those with large cancers. Reasons require further study, including possible effects of surgeon and woman's choice and access to radiotherapy services.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2004

This paper asks the question: what choice of environmental policy instruments is efficient to reduce sulfur dioxide from stationary sources\ulcorner: In Korea, command and control has been a common way of controlling $SO_2-emissions.$ When compared to the non-incentive environmental policy instrument such as command and control, economic incentive environmental policy instrument has been the advantage of making polluter himself flexibly deals with in marginal abatement cost to develop environmental technology in the long view. Therefore, the application possibility of the incentive environmental policy instrument was studied in this research to realize the countermeasure for controlling of $SO_2-emissions.$ As a result, enforcement of the countermeasure such as flue gas desulfurizer by command and control would be suitable because power generation is performed by the public or for the public in source of air pollution and thus, economic principle is not applied to the polluter. In the source of industrial pollution, enforcement of fuel tax is found to be suitable for the countermeasure for the use of low sulfur oil in terms of the flexibility of demand for the price in the long tenn. For the permissible air pollution standards applicable to all air pollutant emitting facilities, enforcement of incentive environmental policy such as bubble, off-set, banking policy or tradeable emission penn its would be ideal in long terms according to the regional characteristics and the number and scale of air pollutant emitting facilities.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.701-727
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• 2013

To estimate the WTP(Willingness to Pay) for consistent maintenance of rural multi-cultural families' contribution worth such as vitality of rural population, regional economic vitalization, cultural diversity of rural, maintenance of rural family society, and diversity of rural resource, a questionnaire survey was conducted by double-bounded dichotomous choice method based on Weibull model in 41 city county of rural. A estimation models based on Tunball models were developed and applied to WTP estimation with logistic analysis. WTP estimates for consistent maintenance of multi-cultural contribution worth by rural resident was 458 hundred million won. It means that each rural household can pay 13,840 won per annual. WTP estimates assessed by multi-cultural families' husband as a criteria for comparison was 502 hundred million won. It means that each household can pay 15,170 won per annual.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6067-6072
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• 2012

Background: Breast cancer in developing countries is on the rise. There are currently no guidelines to screen women at risk in India. Since mammography in the western world is a well-accepted screening tool to prevent late presentation of breast cancer and improve mortality, it is intuitive to adopt mammography as a screening tool of choice. However, it is expensive and fraught with logistical issues in developing countries like India. Materials and Methods: Our breast cancer screening camp was done at a local district hospital in India after approval from the director and administrators. After initial training of local health care workers, a one-day camp was held. Clinical breast examination, mammograms, as well as diagnostic evaluation with ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy were utilized. Results: Out of total 68 women screened only 2 women with previous history of breast cancer were diagnosed with breast cancer recurrence. None of the women in other groups were diagnosed with breast cancer despite suspicious lesions either on clinical exam, mammogram or ultrasound. Most suspicious lesions were fibroadenomas. The average cost of screening women who underwent mammography, ultrasound and fine needle aspiration was $30 dollars, whereas it was $16 in women who had simple clinical breast examination. Conclusions: Local camps act as catalysts for women to seek medical attention or discuss with local health care workers concerns of discovering new lumps or developing breast symptoms. Our camp did diagnose recurrence of breast cancer in two previously treated breast cancer patients, who were promptly referred to a regional cancer hospital. Further studies are needed in countries like India to identify the best screening tool to decrease the presentation of breast cancer in advanced stages and to reduce mortality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.142-142
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• 2017

Wheat (Triticum asetivum L.) is one of the major grain crops worldwide. The reduced productivity ascribed by adverse environment is increasing the risk of food security. Wheat cultivars have been actively released by public side since 1960s in Korea. Each variety has been developed for superior regional adaptation, pest resistance and mostly high yield. Heat stress tolerance is one of the major parameters that threaten wheat production in Korea. Heat stress during grain filling period has been conceived as critical level and directly influences on wheat production. We evaluated 11 common wheat cultivars ("Baegjoong", "Dajung", "Goso", "Hanbaek", "Jokyoung", "Joeun", "Jopum", "Keumgang", "Olgeuru", "Sinmichal", "Uri") that were exposed to abnormally high temperature during the grain filling period. Each plant was grown well in a pot containing "Sunshine #4" soil in controlled phytotron facility set on $20^{\circ}C$ and 16 h photoperiod. At 9 day-after-anthesis (DAA9), plants were subjected to a gradual increase in temperature from $20^{\circ}C$ to $33^{\circ}C$ and maintained constantly at $33^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. After the treatment, plants were subjected to gradual decrease to normal temperature ($20^{\circ}C$) and continue to grow till harvest. Seeds were harvested from each tiller/plant. Total chlorophyll contents decrease level as well as grain parameters were measured to evaluate varietal tolerance to heat stress. We also divide each spike into five regions and evaluate grain characteristics among the regions in each spike. The obtained results allow us to classify cultivars for heat stress tolerance. The pedigree information showed that typical wheat lines provide either tolerance or susceptible trait to their off-springs, which enable breeders to develop heat stress tolerance wheat by appropriate parental choice.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 2016

In order to improve the prediction of the regional air quality modeling in the Seoul metropolitan area, a sensitivity analysis using two PBL and microphysics (MP) options of the WRF model was performed during four seasons. The results from four sets of the simulation experiments (EXPs) showed that meteorological variables (especially wind field) were highly sensitive to the choice of PBL options (YSU or MYJ) and no significant differences were found depending on MP options (WDM6 or Morrison) regardless of specific time periods, i.e. day and night, during four seasons. Consequently, the EXPs being composed of YSU PBL option were identified to produce better results for meteorological elements (especially wind field) regardless of seasons. On the other hand, the accuracy of all simulations for summer and winter was somewhat lower than those for spring and autumn and the effect according to physics options was highly volatile by geographical characteristics of the observation site.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.123-138
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• 2017

This study aims to identify the characteristic variables of businesses that would impact the choice of their type in the 6th industry and analyze how they work. To this end, this study analyzed data of 752 businesses certified as belonging to the 6th industry in 2015 through the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm in decision tree analysis. The results of analysis showed that the type of agricultural product processing affected shaping the type of the 6th industry at the early stage of growth while the type of agricultural product processing, the type of service, region and sales volumes at the stage of growth and service strategy and the type of agricultural product processing at the stage of maturity. These findings empirically identified key business factors that could support businesses in the 6th industry at each stage of growth and presented a direction forward for support of the 6th industry.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.72-76
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• 2011

Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas (PLGA) are distinctive salivary gland neoplasms with a propensity to arise from the minor salivary glands. The most frequent location of PLGA is the palate, even though other locations have been described. Previously used terms for PLGA include lobular carcinoma and terminal duct carcinoma. Although the frequency of the tumor is unknown, the recognition of PLGA as an individual tumor has increased with the establishment of specific histopathological criteria characterizing the PLGA. The first choice of treatment is a wide surgical excision including the subjacent bone if necessary. The prognosis is generally good and the recurrence rate ranges from 17% and 22%. Distant metastases is unusual (9%) but occur mainly in the regional lymph nodes. This is a case report of a 67 year old female patient with PLGA who was treated with a wide excision by layers (2 stage) of the lesion including the surrounding bone. We present this case with a review of the relevant literature.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.725-735
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to specifically understand the officetel market by empirical analysis for the determining factors that affect determining the price of the officetel in Busan. In my opinion, it can help officetel providers to select the appropriate size and location that analysis for the factors determining officetel price with market price, and also it can help customers officetel to choice depending on the purpose. So I was conducting this study. In this study, I analyzes the factors determining the price of Officetel using a OLS linear regression, semi-log model, and a robust regression-Busan area Officetel Real Transaction Price as the dependent variable and factors representing the physical characteristics, locational characteristics and regional characteristics as independent variables.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.547-555
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• 2003

Carbohydrate intake is decreasing along with the reduction of rice consumption among the Korean population. There is an increasing trend of diet-related degenerative diseases with the increased consumption of animal food, and therefore, the increase of animal food intake can be considered as one of causes of the diet-related disease. The objective of this study is to investigate the differences in rice preference and breakfast patterns between the subjects have breakfast regularly and those skipping it. One thousand participants were selected by the stratified sample method from the primary, middle, high school and college, and company workers from 24 cities of Kyeonggi-do. The interviewing procedure was carried by regional home extension workers. Approximately half participants (49.9％) were under the age of 20. Although 86％ of the subjects considered eating breakfast good for health. only 46.4％ of the subjects had breakfast regularly (HB). The rest of them skipped breakfast (SB) more than twice a week. The proportion of subjects hiving no breakfast were 9.3％ of male and 12.2％ of female subjects. The main reason for not having breakfast was due to the limited time. For their breakfast 85％ of the HB ate boiled rice with the side dishes. More subjects in SB (27.8％) preferred the boiled rice with various grains for breakfast than those of HB (21.8％). The subjects in HB (65.5％) preferred boiled plein rice more than those of SB (56.9％). In cases they must have breakfast, 47.7％ of the subjects wanted rice with the side dishes,24.2％ preferred rice ball or rice roll with laver, 10.5％ preferred a rice beverage. More subjects in HB (59.8％) wanted rice with side dishes than those in SB (36.9％). It was found out that selecting rice at the breakfast is still the main choice. Diverse ready-to-eat rice menus have to be developed to increase the rice consumption, specially to increase breakfast eating frequencies of SB through saving time and effort. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 547∼555, 2003)