• Carbon letters
• /
• v.18
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 2016

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) produced using municipal solid waste was pyrolyzed to produce RDF char. For the first time, the RDF char was used to remove aqueous copper, a representative heavy metal water pollutant. Activation of the RDF char using steam and KOH treatments was performed to change the specific surface area, pore volume, and the metal cation quantity of the char. N₂ sorption, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the char. The optimum pH for copper removal was shown to be 5.5, and the steam-treated char displayed the best copper removal capability. Ion exchange between copper ions and alkali/alkaline metal cations was the most important mechanism of copper removal by RDF char, followed by adsorption on functional groups existing on the char surface. The copper adsorption behavior was represented well by a pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum copper removal capacity was determined to be 38.17 mg/g, which is larger than those of other low-cost char adsorbents reported previously.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.211-224
• /
• 2012

Technology for energy recovery from waste can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. So recently, there are several companies using RDF, RPF, WCF instead of using only coal fuel and it's part of the fuel on the increase. In this study, we developed Wood chip fuel $CO_2$ emission factor through fuel analysis. It's moisture content is 23%, received net calorific value is 2,845 kcal/kg, and received basis carbon is 34%. The result of emission factor is $105ton\;CO_2/TJ$, it's 5.9% lower than 2006 IPCC guideline default factor $112ton\;CO_2/TJ$. The gross GHG(Greenhouse gases) emissions of plant A is $178,767ton\;CO_2 eq./yr$, and Net GHG emissions is $40,359ton\;CO_2 eq./yr$. Therefore, the reduction of GHG emissions is $138,408ton\;CO_2/yr$ through using WCF, and I accounts for 77% of all GHG emissions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.12 no.10
• /
• pp.4679-4688
• /
• 2011

This study was performed to the municipal waste generation amounts and characteristics for B city in Gangwon province, predicted the methane gas generation rate emitted from landfill, and analyzed the possibility of energy recovery to RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) using combustible waste. The study results showed that the average bulk density of municipal waste for B city was 144.0 kg/$m^3$, and the average ratios of combustible waste were 36.0 % of paper, 21.6 % of vinyl, and 19.7 % of food waste. respectively. In the experiment for heating value, high and low heating value(moisture) was measured to 3,471 $kca{\ell}$/kg and 2,941 $kca{\ell}$/kg, respectively. After the prohibition of burying of food waste in landfill, the heating value of municipal waste was dramatically increased due to increase of the ratio of paper, vinyl, and plastic waste. The prediction results of methane gas generation rate emitted from landfill showed that the gas generation rate is increasing to 2,505.7 CH4 ton/year in 2021. After then, the rate is decreasing gradually. When the RDF facility is installed, the rate is decreasing after peaking at 1,956.9 CH4 ton/year in 2013. The generation rate of LFG emitted from waste landfill of B city was analyzed to 9.92 $m^3$/min, similar to 10.11 $m^3$/min for other city.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.2833-2845
• /
• 2012

In this study, the amount of waste resource that could be recovered was analyzed. The installation and operation costs of waste resource recovery for both single- and multi-regional facility were calculated, and compared with the costs of landfill to investigate the feasibility of them. RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) process and resource recovery by incineration process were considered as waste resource recovery facility. And, the multi-regions for cost analysis were established on the basis of the proper generation rate of municipal waste with the consideration of combustible ratio. The study results showed that single region facility for both RDF and incineration process has no economic benefit, compared with the landfill method. For the multi-regional facility, RDF process could save a large cost than the landfill method, but the incineration facility couldn't. Separate from the economic benefits, the waste resource recovery should be importantly considered when considering the depletion of fossil fuel, global warming, environmental toxicity, and the enormous expenses due to social conflict and confuse. When the CDM(Clean Development Mechanism) is vitalized in the near future, the additional economic benefits by CERs(Certified Emission Reductions) could be expected. CERs for RDF facility is corresponding to about 256.5 billion won, and CERs for incineration facility is corresponding to about 54 and 77.4 billion won for single- and multi-regional facility, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.177-182
• /
• 2013

We studied the possibility to produce solid fuel using cattle manure and to apply TAO (Thermophilic Aerobic Oxidation) process of solid-liquid separation fraction. The physiochemical compositions of cattle manure solid fuel chip were analyzed as water 0.12%, low calorific value 3,510 kcal/kg, ashes 11.9%, chlorine 0.82%, sulfur dust 0.5%, mercury non-detection, cadmium 1.0 mg/kg, lead 2 mg/kg, arsenic non-detection. In treating cattle manure with TAO reactor the internal temperature of the reactor was increasing higher and $50^{\circ}C$ and over was maintained after 20 hours on. The physiochemical compositions of liquids increased from pH 7.3 to pH 9.18 and EC decreased from 4.6 to 3.48 mS/cm in treating process of cattle manure with TAO reactor. COD and SCOD decreased from 16,800 to 10,400 mg/L, from 4,600 to 2,040 mg/L respectively, which showed about 38% and 56% of remove efficiency respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.294-301
• /
• 2017

In this study, we found the optimal manufacturing conditions of livestock manure sludge RDF with the oil-drying method. We performed oil evaporation, oil drying and pelletizing of the sludge to evaluate the value of the product (sludge RDF), and measured the performance of the product using calorimeter and PXRF equipment. Also, we conducted the calorie comparison test between sludge RDF manufactured in this study and wood RDF generally used in the field. Experimental results showed that 30g of the sludge treated by vegetable oil at $130^{\circ}C$ for 25 minutes were the optimal conditions to make the sludge RDF (considering the aspects of eco-friendly and mass production). The caloric value of the sludge RDF manufactured in this study was 5211kcal/kg which is higher than that of wood RDF used widely in the market. Finally, PXRF results showed sludge RDF contains no heavy metals with the exception of sulfur. Therefore, we recommend more study about the sulfur control process for future development of the industrial manufacturing process.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 2013

This research conducted component analysis of pellet fuel using livestock waste and agricultural by-product and combustion characteristics. As the result of analyzing the characteristics of solid fuel using livestock waste, three components, element analysis, and heating value were suitable for the standard of solid fuel. In addition, content of ash consisted of high concentration of K, P, Na indicating the possibile usage as a soil conditioner. However, it was not suitable for solid fuel using only livestock waste due to the relatively low heating value. To improve the heating value and early ignition, we mixed agricultural by-products (i.e., chaff and sawdust) into livestock waste. The mixed material showed significant increase of combustibles and heating value with decrease of moisture content compared to the livestock waste only.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 2008

In this study, the composition and physico-chemical characteristics of municipal solid waste (MWS) which was treated in four different area were investigated. It is necessary to measure the characteristics of MSW to build a waste treatment and Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) facility, the data-base and total managing of the landfill. It was found that the average density of solid wastes is in the range of $78.15-199.8kg/m^3$. This MSW was composed of 8.87% of food wastes, 38.8% of papers, 34.12% of plastics & vinyls, 7.16% of textiles, 0.96% of wood, 1.3% of rubber & leathers and others, respectively. Most of MSW are composed of food, paper and plastic waste and more than 94% was combustible waste. For three components, moisture is 17.38%, combustible component is 69.03% and ash is 6.24%. The chemical element has the high order of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen on the dry basis of wastes. And the low heating value of the MSW which is measured by calorimeter is calculated as 2973.8 kcal/kg and high heating value of the MSW is calculated as 5209.94 kcal/kg.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.17 no.8
• /
• pp.5-15
• /
• 2016

As the increase of domestic sewage treatment plant and reinforcement of the standard of effluent water quality continues, the volumes of sewage sludge are consistently increasing. Existing treatment of sewage sludge, such as incineration and ocean dumping has been prohibited because of air pollution and prohibitions towards ocean dumping, and in turn, recycling and energy recovery from waste methods have being studied recently. However, the lack of technical level and systematic analyses of application technique are problems, that future analysis of such relative technique would be required. The present study has been investigated as follows, management technique of sludge, patent on refuse-derived fuel and increase biogas production and utilizable technology, trend of research paper. Furthermore, research development from five developed nations (Korea, Japan, China, United States, and United Kingdom), domestic and foreign have been investigated and analyzed by section. In this study, the future technical field which is required for effective management of sludge has been suggested.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 1991

This study was carried out to provide basic data to be necessary for the selection of an energy recovery process based on the characteristics of municipal solid wastes(MSW). The samples were collected at Kangdong-Ku in Seoul and conducted ultimate and proximate analyses. Laboratory scale anaerobic digesters were operated to determine the non biodegradable fractions of the wastes. The results indicated that carbon and hydrogen contents, and lower heating values could be calculated from the volatile contents of MSW by the following equations : C = 0.57 VS, H =0.084 VS, and HL=49.5 VS-(6-0.045VS) W. Nonbiodegradable fractions were respectively 58.9% of volatile matters and 77.7% of MSW. Incineration and refuse derived fuel(RDF) processes appeared to be the most efficient processes in terms of weight reduction and energy recovery, But determining the energy recovery processes, the fluctuations of heating values of MSW throughout a year and available landfill site and secondary pollution should be considered.