• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.499-524
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to based on review of theoretical and empirical studies to assess the independence of central banks - the former Socialist republics, including the Russian Federation and Czech, Poland. In addition, the work is expected to clarify whether a link exists between independence and the most important economic indicators such as inflation, economic activity, the budget deficit. And The subject of this study are the formal and actual independence of national banks, as well as limiting factors: political and economic. Background investigation of the problem of independence of central banks from the fact that, according to many economists, it is essential to the successful development of a market economy. The effectiveness of any country's economy due to currency volatility, low inflation, high reliability of the banking system, etc. As far as the independence of monetary regulation contributes to these goals - one of the most actively debated issues in the world of economic theory and practice for a long time. The issue of central bank independence is extremely important for Russia, Czech, Poland. In the near future to the central bank has important tasks, among which are the transition to inflation targeting in the rejection of significant intervention in the foreign exchange market, as well as improving the sustainability of the national banking system. Transparency and independence of the Bank of Russia, Czech Republic, Poland, in my view, should be an important factor in achieving these goals. The countries of Czech Republic, Poland have already made a number of steps to bring the status of their banks to the European standards. Many other developing countries are also in the process of reforming their central banks and the improving conditions of their functioning. However, despite the fact that as a model for reform used by the central banks of countries with developed market economies, central banks in developing countries are still yet deprived of the legal, economic and political independence. A different situation exists in transition space. Because of significant differences in the views of the authorities in transition republics at the necessary level of independence of central banks and the exchange rate and monetary policy reform of monetary management in these countries led to different results.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 2016

Buyongjeong, a pavilion in the Rear Garden of Changdeok Palace, was appointed as Treasure No. 1763 on March 2, 2012, by the South Korea government since it shows significant symmetry and proportion on its unique planar shape, spatial configuration, building decoration, and so forth. However, the designation of Treasure selection was mainly evaluated by concrete science, in that the selection has not clearly articulated how and why Buoungjeong was constructed as a present unique form. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the identity of Buyongjeong at the time of construction by considering its historical, ideological, philosophical background and building intention. Summary are as follows: First, Construction backgrounds and characters of Buyongjeong: Right after the enthronement, King Jeongjo had founded Kyujanggak(奎章閣), and sponsored civil ministers who were elected by the national examination, as a part of political reform. In addition, he established his own political system by respecting "Kaksin(閣臣)", Kyujanggak's officials as much as "Kain(家人)", internal family members. King Jeongjo's aggressive political reform finally enabled King's lieges to visit King's Rear Garden. In the reign of King Jeongjo's 16th year(1792), Naekaksangjohoe(內閣賞釣會) based on "Kaksin" was officially launched and the Rear Garden visitation became a regular meeting. The Rear Garden visitation consisted of "Sanghwajoeoyeon(賞花釣魚宴)" - enjoying flowers and fishing, and activities of "Nanjeongsugye". Afterward, it eventually became a huge national event since high rank government officials participated the event. King Jeongjo shared the cultural activities with government officials together to Buyongjeong as a place to fulfill his royal politics. Second, The geographical location and spatial characteristics of Buyongjeong: On the enthronement of King Jeongjo(1776), he renovated Taeksujae. Above all, aligning and linking Gaeyuwa - Taeksujae - a cicular island - Eosumun - Kyujangkak along with the construction axis is an evidence for King Jeongjo to determine how the current Kyujangkak zone was prepared and designed to fulfill King Jeonjo's political ideals. In 17th year(1793) of the reign of King Jeongjo, Taeksujae, originally a square shaped pavilion, was modified and expanded with ranks to provide a place to get along with the King and officials. The northern part of Buyongjeong, placed on pond, was designed for the King's place and constructed one rank higher than others. Discernment on windows and doors were made with "Ajasal" - a special pattern for the King. The western and eastern parts were for government officials. The center part was prepared for a place where government officials were granted an audience with the King, who was located in the nortern part of Buyongjeong. Government officials from the western and eastern parts of Buyongjeong, could enter the central part of the Buyongjeong from the southern part by detouring the corner of Buyongjeong. After all, Buyongjeong is a specially designed garden building, which was constructed to be a royal palace utilizing its minimal space. Third, Cultural Values of Buyongjeong: The Buyongjeong area exhibits a trait that it had been continuously developed and it had reflected complex King's private garden cultures from King Sejo, Injo, Hyunjong, Sukjong, Jeongjo and so forth. In particular, King Jeongjo had succeded physical, social and imaginary environments established by former kings and invited their government officials for his royal politics. As a central place for his royal politics, King Jeongjo completed Buyongjeong. Therefore, the value of Buyongjeong, as a garden building reflecting permanency of the Joseon Dynasty, can be highly evaluated. In addition, as it reflects Confucianism in the pavilion - represented by distinguishing hierarchical ranks, it is a unique example to exhibit its distinctiveness in a royal garden.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.71-103
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• 2009

Considering the expenditure size of public institutions centering on public enterprises, about 28% of Korea's GDP in 2007, public institutions have significant influence on the Korean economy. However, still in the new government, there are voices of criticism about the need of constant reform on public enterprises due to their irresponsible management impeding national competitiveness. Especially, political controversy over appointment of executives such as CEOs of public enterprises has caused the distrust of the people. As one of various reform measures for public enterprises, this study analyzes the effect of internal governance structure of public enterprises on their managerial performance, since, regardless of privatization of public enterprises, improving the governance structure of public enterprises is a matter of great importance. There are only a few prior researches focusing on the governance structure and managerial performance of public enterprises compared to those of private enterprises. Most of prior researches studied the relationship between parachuting employment of CEO and managerial performance, and concluded that parachuting produces negative effect on managerial performance. However, different from the results of such researches, recent studies suggest that there is no relationship between employment type of CEOs and managerial performance in public enterprises. This study is distinguished from prior researches in view of following. First, prior researches focused on the relationship between employment type of public enterprises' CEOs and managerial performance. However, in addition to this, this study analyzes the relationship of internal auditors and managerial performance. Second, unlike prior researches studying the relationship between employment type of public corporations' CEOs and managerial performance with an emphasis on parachuting employment, this study researches impact of employment type as well as expertise of CEOs and internal auditors on managerial performance. Third, prior researchers mainly used non-financial indicators from various samples. However, this study eliminated subjectivity of researchers by analyzing public enterprises designated by the government and their financial statements, which were externally audited and inspected. In this study, regression analysis is applied in analyzing the relationship of independence and expertise of public enterprises' CEOs and internal auditors and managerial performance in the same year. Financial information from 2003 to 2007 of 24 public enterprises, which are designated by the government, and their personnel information from the board of directors are used as samples. Independence of CEOs is identified by dividing CEOs into persons from the same public enterprise and persons from other organization, and independence of internal auditors is determined by classifying them into two groups, people from academic field, economic world, and civic groups, and people from political community, government ministries, and military. Also, expertise of CEOs and internal auditors is divided into business expertise and financial expertise. As control variables, this study applied foundation year, asset size, government subsidies as a proportion to corporate earnings, and dummy variables by year. Analysis showed that there is significantly positive relationship between independence and financial expertise of internal auditors and managerial performance. In addition, although business expertise and financial expertise of CEOs were not statistically significant, they have positive relationship with managerial performance. However, unlike a general idea, independence of CEOs is not statistically significant, but it is negatively related to managerial performance. Contrary to general concerns, it seems that the impact of independence of public enterprises' CEOs on managerial performance has slightly decreased. Instead, it explains that expertise of public enterprises' CEOs and internal auditors plays more important role in managerial performance rather than their independence. Meanwhile, there are limitations in this study as follows. First, in contrast to private enterprises, public enterprises simultaneously pursue publicness and entrepreneurship. However, this study focuses on entrepreneurship, excluding considerations on publicness of public enterprises. Second, public enterprises in this study are limited to those in the central government. Accordingly, it should be carefully considered when the result of this study is applied to public enterprises in local governments. Finally, this study excludes factors related to transparency and democracy issues which are raised in appointment process of executives of public enterprises, as it may cause the issue of subjectivity of researchers.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2008

The Korean government has tried to increase the total national R&D investment and, to streamline acts and regulations concerning national R&D activities. Korea's total R&D expenditure in the field of S&T for the year 2006 amounted to about 27.3 trillion won including government R&D of 8.9trillion won. The Korean government enacted several pieces of legislation concerning S&T: the "Technology Transfer Promotion Act (1999)" ; the "Framework Act on Science and Technology (2000)", and the "Presidential Regulation for Managing the Government R&D Programs (2001)." With these efforts the capacity of Korea S&T has made great strides recently. But for years Korea has run a severe deficit of technology trade. The Korea's balance ratio of technology trade is 0.36 (export/import). It means that Korean industry excessively depends on foreign resource in introducing new technologies. The Korean government has put a lot of effort into promoting the commercialization of technologies developed in universities. The public technology transfer policy of the government has improved the infrastructure of technology transfer and commercialization. However, the government has realized that these policies have not been as effective as they were anticipated. In spite of these various efforts, the technologies obtained from the government R&D Programs have not been transferred to the Korean industry properly. Only 13.6% of technologies developed in universities for the year 2005 were transferred to industry. The academic royalty revenues for the year was 0.15% of their total R&D expenditure It shows only a twentieth of the percentage of royalty revenues for the American universities. The reasons of poor commercialization of academic technologies are intermingled with imperfection of technology transfer system, lack of licensing experience, immaturity of socio-economic circumstance and inadequacy of legal system and government policy. In this study we analyzed the problems of legal system and policy in licensing of government R&D outputs and suggested proper alternatives.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.31-58
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• 2006

The purpose of this article is to analyze the structure and characteristics of the care manager systems of the long term care insurance in Japan's social welfare institution. In order to realize such purposes, this paper develops the discussion process as follows. Firstly, this paper examines the developmental processes and contents of the long term care insurance system and the care plan services which are the services to aid the utilization of long term care services. Secondly, this paper describes the care manager which conducts the role of care plan services intentively. Thirdly, this paper makes the research framework which is formulated as the legislative views about the care manager on the long term care insurance act, task systems, recruitment and retraining systems, and research data of care manager. Summarizing the contents of care manager's circumstances and characteristics about the long term care insurance, the results are explained as follows. that is to define care manager's status as the components of care plan center, to control indirectly the activities of care manager's care plan by operating care service center and care plan center in equal corporate, to set role and task ambiguously, to recognize care manager's role as the attributed role of care service center, to give licence and qualification in local government. Therefore, it's difficult to realize care plan depending on speciality and neutrality for the service user. The essential parts for the reform of care manager systems may be to separate care service center and care plan center and to redefine the task and role of care manager, the role and task of which should be put on care plan services.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.461-475
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• 2007

To understand the changing regionality of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture(YKAP) in China within the world-economy, this paper examined the spatial division of labor in agriculture and industry with three divisions of period through the regional geography of world-system In the Japanese colonial period(l909$\sim$1949), the YKAP was made into a typical peripheral agricultural and industrial region which was exploited by the Japanese empire. In the socialist period(1949$\sim$1978) which China separated from the world-system, the YKAP was transformed into a socialistic agricultural and industrial region. In the reform and open-door period(1978$\sim$present), the YKAP still plays a role as a peripheral region due to the late open-door policy in 1992 of Chinese government on the border land and else, while most littoral areas of China are developed into a semi-peripheral region. Therefore if the YKAP continues to exist in the future, it is a critical matter to raise the position of the YKAP within the world-economy into a semi-periphery as soon as possible to increase the ratio of Korean ethnic in the YKAP.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.79-100
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• 2012

This paper aims to analyze the meaning and conceptual tension contained in the definition of social services prescribed by recently amended Framework Act on Social Security(FASS) by examining various terminologies of social services in Korea. In Korea the term of social services has had at least four meanings since it has begun to be used during Participatory Government. Of these, the meaning of social services in FASS is closest to 'social serives as social-jobs'. While, as has this meaning, social services in FASS is defined as very comprehensive one, it also has its conceptual tension. On the one hand, FASS comes to have the orientation to include immensely wide fields such as welfare, health, employment, housing, culture and environment within social service. However on the other hand FASS still has the orientation to limit social services to traditional social welfare services. Unless re-amending the recently amended FASS, the conceptual tension resulted from these two conflicting orientations will be likely to continue. And this might raise the need both to reform the organization of Ministry of Health and Welfare and exiting delivery systems of social services and to develop theoretical and practical principles providing basis for tailored social services, which in turn poses important challenges to social welfare discipline. To meet these challenges it is necessary to cooperate between micro and macro approaches.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.23-33
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• 2009

Satellite image is very usefully practiced to predict and analyze physical expansion and change of city. Physical expansion and change of city is closely related to the use of land, and continuous growth management focused on the use of land is essential for sustainable city growth. In this research, the change of land cover and land-use were analyzed with basic input data from 1985 to 2000 according to artificial satellite. Moreover, the land-use turnover rate was understood and expansion trend of urban sprawl in Busan metropolitan city and land-use characteristics of the expansion area. The results are, first, the area for urban region was expanded continuously but areas for agriculture area, forest area, and water area had different changes due to administrative district reform of Busan by each year. Second, the urbanization area in Busan was increased by 3.8% from $92.5km^2$ in 1985 to $167.5km^2$ in 2000. Third, the result of analysis on land-use turnover rate showed that agriculture area was turned into urbanized area the most, and forest area was followed by. Fourth, the result of analysis on database and overlay of buildings in Busan established in 2001 showed that agriculture area are had type 1 and 2 neighborhood living facilities (45.63%), apartment house in forest area (18.49%), and factory in water area (31.84%) with high ratio.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.92-117
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• 2004

Korea has the glorious documentary cultural heritage including Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Memory of the World, from old times. But We had been felt into serious situation, it is very difficult to find some records of late years, through rapid changes of society in modern history. Fortunately, in 1999, "law of archives management in public sector" was enacted but It is some difficult to apply to field. Accordingly, We studied archives laws and record management systems, education systems in Japan and China, neighborhood countries and compared them with Korea's. Life cycle of Gathering, Managing, Using records & archives is reflected in China's archives law, "Dangan" and It is useful to referred to Korea. On the other hand, Japan and Korea's archives law focus on administering and capturing records and archives. In case of Management agency of archives, China has a linear managing system from state to regional agency and Japan and Korea have different system in State and Region. We recommend following items ; reform archives law, status of government archives, professional education and arrangement etc.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.447-456
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• 2020

Korean society is facing the 2017 regime and the era of the fourth industrial revolution. University education is trying to select agendas that focuses on public interest and innovation, which are key words, for change. Unlike recent efforts, practical changes are insufficient. There is a relative lack of discussion on the essence and theory of university education in South Korea. This study looked at the current location of Korean university education and discussed the essential direction from a point of view on critical pedagogy. So far, Korean university education has operated under the control of neo-liberalism for more than 20 years since the May 31 educational reform in 1995. Democracy and deindustrialization, the direction pursued by the 2017 regime and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, differs from neo-liberalism. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect on neo-liberalism and seek a subsequent turn of direction. Henry Giroux has been critical of the neo-liberalistic policy of American education, which has been a major discourse since 1980, and has discussed proposals for various changes. In particular, it provides clear coordinates for the features of human resources as educated people. For example, they are intellectuals, border intellectuals, and public intellectuals. These intellectuals have independent, autonomous, active, self-reliant characteristics and have a duty and accountability to pursue for public interests. It is also closely related to the 2017 regime and the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Along with this discussion, university education seems to need serious and rigorous discussion and consideration.