• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.278-285
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• 2013

The suppression of residual settlement is required on earthwork sections as concrete track is introduced. Use of pile-slab structure is one of the settlement restraining methods applied on soft ground. The slab distributes the upper embankment load and piles transfer the load from the slab to the stiff ground. While this method is very effective in terms of load transfer, it has not yet been established for dealing with the vibration transfer effects and interaction characteristics between a structure and the ground. It is possible that vibration caused by a moving train load is propagated in the upper embankment, because the slab acts as a reflection layer and waves are multi-reflected. In this present paper, wave propagation generated by a moving train load is evaluated in the time and frequency domains to consider a roadbed structure using an artificial impact load and field measured train load. The results confirmed the wave reflection effect on the pile-slab structure, if the embankment height is sufficient, vibration propagation can be stably restrained, whereas if the height is not sufficient, the vibration amplitude is increased.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 1998

A new technique of simultaneous inversion for 3-D seismic velocity structure by using direct, reflected, and refracted waves is applied to the southeast part of the Korean Peninsula including Pohang Basin, Kyongsang Basin and Ryongnam Massif. Pg, Sg, PmP, SmS, Pn, and Sn arrival times of 44 events with 554 seismic rays are inverted for locations and crustal structure. $6{\times}6$ with $0.5^{\circ}$ and 8 layers (4 km each layer) model was inverted. 3-D seismic crustal velocity tomography including eight sections from surface to Moho, ten profiles along latitude and longitude are analyzed. The results are as follows: 1) the average velocity and thickness of sediment are 5.04 km/s and 3-4 km, and the velocity of basement is 6.11 km/s. The shape of velocity in shallower layer is agreement with Bouguer gravity anomaly (Cho et al., 1997). 2) the velocities fluctuate strongly in the upper crust. The velocity distribution of the lower crust under Conrad appears basically horizontal. 3) the average depth of Moho is 30.4 km, and velocity is 8.01 km/s. 4) from the velocity and depth of the sediment, the thickness, velocity and form of the upper crust, and the depth and form of Moho, we can find the obvious differences among Ryongnam Massif, Kyongsang Basin and Pohang Basin. 5) the deep faults (a Ulsan series faults) near Kyongju and Pohang areas can be found to be normal and/or thrust faults with detachment extended to the bottom of the upper crust.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.235-247
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• 1998

A new technique of simultaneons inversion for 3-D seismic velocity structure by using direct, reflected, and refracted waves is applied to the center of the Korean Peninsula including Pyongnam Basin, Kyonggi Massif, Okchon Fold Zone, Taebaeksan Fold Zone, Ryongnam Massif and Kyongsang Basin. Pg, Sg, PmP, SmS, Pn, and Sn arrival times of 32 events with 404 seismic rays are inverted for locations and crustal structure. 5 ($1^{\circ}$ along the latitude)${\times}6$ ($0.5^{\circ}$ along the longitude) ${\times}8$ block (4 km each layer) model was inverted. 3-D seismic crustal velocity tomography including eight sections from the surface to the Moho, eight profiles along latitude and longitude and the Moho depth distribution was determined. The results are as follows: (1) the average velocity and thickness of sediment are 5.15 km/sec and 3-4 km, and the velocity of basement is 6.12 km/sec. (2) the velocities fluctuate strongly in the upper crust, and the velocity distribution of the lower crust under Conrad appears basically horizontal. (3) the average depth of Moho is 29.8 km and velocity is 7.97 km/sec. (4) from the sedimentary depth and velocity, basement thickness and velocity, form of the upper crust, the Moho depth and form of the remarkable crustal velocity differences among Pyongnam Basin, Kyonggi Massif, Okchon Zone, Ryongnam Massif and Kyongsang Basin can be found. (5) The different crustal features of ocean and continent crust are obvious. (6) Some deep index of the Chugaryong Rift Zone can be located from the cross section profiles. (7) We note that there are big anisotropy bodies near north of Seoul and Hongsung in the upper crust, implying that they may be related to the Chugaryong Rift Zone and deep fault systems.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2010

Recently, the wireless LAN system is rapidly growing because of its convenience of high speed communication. However, the wireless LAN systems at indoor places occur multi-propagation path by reflected waves from walls, ceilings, floors, and desks. Multipath problems cause transmission errors and degradation of communication speed. These problems can be solved by using EM wave absorbers. In this paper, we analyzed property of Graphite and derived the optimum ratio of Graphite: CPE to develop EM wave absorber for the wireless LAN system. First, we fabricated several samples in different composition ratios of Graphite and CPE, and then measured the reflection coefficient of each samples. Material constants of permittivity and permeability were calculated using the measured data and designed EM wave absorber. Secondly, the EM wave absorber was fabricated and tested on the base of the simulation data. As a result, it showed that the EM wave absorber in 1.7 mm thickness with the ratio of Graphite: CPE=50:50 wt.% has excellent absorption ability more than 27 dB at 5.2 GHz.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.40
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• pp.239-264
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• 2015

In the early 20th century, Japan built theaters to take possession of colonial culture while establishing the Imperial University, libraries, and museums to accumulate and spread the knowledge of "imperial" Japan. Many different genres made a hit in theaters including theatrical troupes, theatrical companies, and motion pictures. One of the various features of expositions was "spectacles" or unusual events. They were integrated with a national festival in celebration of "5th anniversary of political commencement." In 1915, the longest hit series in Keijo (Seoul) was the dance performance by professional Japanese beauties and entertainers, whose songs delivered the legitimacy of governance. This study focused on the performance in the space of "cultural" spread called theaters, thus examining the "imperial" cultural waves they were in charge of. The study also focused on the tensional relations of Hierarchie along those cultural borders. The performance at the theater Engeikan(演芸館) in 1915 was especially an epoch-making event in the Japanese theatrical community of Keijo (Seoul): first, it marked the emergence of large-scale performance hall called Engeikan(演芸館); secondly, the performance kept its ongoing, stable streak for about 50 days; and it led to the appearance of leading troupes including Geijutuza(芸術座), which put on a show in Keijo (Seoul) in November, 1915. The study examined the issues of theater Engeikan(演芸館) performance in 1915 involving the art company, performance genre, and audience composition, showed that there was the coexistence of entertainment and governance through cultural ruling while securing amusement and entertainment, and found it was accompanied by the organized operation of "Keijo Sponsorship Council（京城協贊會）" which brought together the cultural capabilities of Japanese people living in Joseon. The performance at theater Engeikan(演芸館) in Keijo (Seoul) in 1915 fully reflected the issues involving the tensional relations between different artistic genres, the competing relations between the subjects of performance, and the cultural power.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.828-833
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• 2018

It is well known that reflected waves and resonance affect phase distortion. In addition, phase delay can be distorted by antenna impedance. In this study, we analyze the phase delay variation caused by the antenna impedance, considering mutual coupling effects. In addition, we confirm the beam steering characteristics. When was -10 dB and -7 dB, the maximum phase delay error was $18.5^{\circ}$ and $26.5^{\circ}$, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation with an eight-element linear array antenna demonstrated that the RMS error of the beam steering angle ranged from $0.19^{\circ}$ to $0.4^{\circ}$, and the standard deviation ranged from $0.14^{\circ}$ to $0.33^{\circ}$ when the beam steering angle was in the range of $0^{\circ}$ to $30^{\circ}$, with the uniformly distributed phase error of $18.5^{\circ}$ and $26.5^{\circ}$. The side lobe level increased from 0.74 dB to 1.21 dB by the phase error from the theoretical value of -12.8 dB, with a standard deviation of 0.31 dB to 0.51 dB. This is verified by designing an eight-element spiral array antenna.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.29-36
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• 2022

The importance of subsurface information is becoming crucial in urban area due to increase of underground construction. The position of underground facilities should be identified precisely before excavation work. Geophyiscal exporation method such as ground penetration radar (GPR) can be useful to investigate the subsurface facilities. GPR transmits electromagnetic waves to the ground and analyzes the reflected signals to determine the location and depth of subsurface facilities. Unfortunately, the readability of GPR signal is not favorable. To overcome this deficiency and automate the GPR signal processing, deep learning technique has been introduced recently. The accuracy of deep learning model can be improved with abundant training data. The ground is inherently heteorogeneous and the spacially variable ground properties can affact on the GPR signal. However, the effect of ground heterogeneity on the GPR signal has yet to be fully investigated. In this study, ground heterogeneity is simulated based on the fractal theory and GPR simulation is carried out by using gprMax. It is found that as the fractal dimension increases exceed 2.0, the error of fitting parameter reduces significantly. And the range of water content should be less than 0.14 to secure the validity of analysis.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.5B
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• pp.473-482
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• 2009

This study numerically discusses wave forces acting on a vertical wall such as breakwaters or revetments, subjected to incident undular or turbulent bores. Due to the complex hydrodynamics of bore, its wave forces have been predicted, mainly through laboratory experiments. Numerical simulations in this paper were carried out by CADMAS-SURF(CDIT, 2001), which is based on Navier-Stokes momentum equations and VOF method (Hirt and Nichols, 1981) for tracking free water surface. Its original source code was also partly revised to generate bore in the numerical water channel. Numerical raw data computed by CADMAS-SURF included great strong spike phenomena that show the abrupt jumps of wave loads. To resolve this undesired noise of raw data, the band-pass filter with the frequency of 5Hz was utilized. The filtered results showed reasonable agreements with the experimental results performed by Matsutomi (1991) and Ramsden (1996). It was confirmed that CADMASSURF can be applied to the design of coastal structures against tsunami bores. In addition, the transformation process and propagation speed of bores in the same 2-d water channel were discussed by the variations of water level for time and space. The numerical results indicated that the propagation speed of bore was changed due to the nonlinear interactions between negative and reflected waves.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.314-324
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• 2010

In waveguide structures, waves may be partially reflected by local non-uniformities. The effects of local non-uniformities has been previously investigated by means of a combined spectral element and finite element (SE/FE) method at relatively low frequencies. However, since the SE is formulated based on a beam theory, the SE/FE method is not appropriated for analysis at higher frequencies where complex deformation of the waveguide occurs. So it is necessary to extend this approach for high frequencies. For the wave propagation at higher frequencies, a combined spectral super element and finite element (SSE/FE) method is introduced in this paper. As an example of the application of this method, wave reflection and transmission due to a local defect in a rail are simulated at frequencies between 20kHz and 30kHz. Also numerical errors are evaluated by means of the conservation of the incident power.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.225-233
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• 2024

Active sonar transmits sound waves to detect covertly maneuvering underwater objects and detects the signals reflected back from the target. However, in addition to the target's echo, the active sonar's received signal is mixed with seafloor, sea surface reverberation, biological noise, and other noise, making target recognition difficult. Conventional techniques for detecting signals above a threshold not only cause false detections or miss targets depending on the set threshold, but also have the problem of having to set an appropriate threshold for various underwater environments. To overcome this, research has been conducted on automatic calculation of threshold values through techniques such as Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) and application of advanced tracking filters and association techniques, but there are limitations in environments where a significant number of detections occur. As deep learning technology has recently developed, efforts have been made to apply it in the field of underwater target detection, but it is very difficult to acquire active sonar data for discriminator learning, so not only is the data rare, but there are only a very small number of targets and a relatively large number of non-targets. There are difficulties due to the imbalance of data. In this paper, the image of the energy distribution of the detection signal is used, and a classifier is learned in a way that takes into account the imbalance of the data to distinguish between targets and non-targets and added to the existing technique. Through the proposed technique, target misclassification was minimized and non-targets were eliminated, making target recognition easier for active sonar operators. And the effectiveness of the proposed technique was verified through sea experiment data obtained in the East Sea.