• 한국작물학회지
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• 제68권4호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2023

벼, 콩, 옥수수와 밀을 이모작하여 작부체계가 경질밀인 금강밀과 조경밀의 생육 및 품질에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 조사하였다. 1. 밀 이모작에서 하작물에 의한 밀의 생육기 및 수량 차이는 나타나지 않았으나 경장에 유의한 차이를 나타내었고, 경장은 벼와의 작부체계에서 가장 컸으나, 경장이 밀품질에는 영향을 미치지 않았다.. 2. 밀 품질 요소들 중 단백질함량은 콩을 심은 후 재배한 밀에서 가장 컸으며, 품종에 따라 단백질함량의 증감 정도에 차이가 있었다. 품종특성으로 비교했을 때 상대적으로 단백질 함량이 적은 조경밀이 상대적으로 단백질 함량이 많은 금강밀보다 콩과의 작부체계에 의한 단백질 함량 증가가 크게 나타났다. 3. 작부체계에 따른 토양 중량수분함량에 차이가 있었으며, 밭 상태로 작부체계를 하는 콩과 옥수수의 경우보다 재배시 물을 가둬야하는 벼를 재배했을 때 공극내 액상비율이 증가하였고, 이러한 토양환경 변화는 밀 품질 변화에 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 사료된다. 4. 토양 화학성에서 인산과 칼슘의 함량이 작부체계에 따라 유의하게 변화한다고 판단되었으며, 가장 밀 품질을 향상시켰던 콩 재배시 토양 내 인산이 가장 많이 감소하였으므로 토양 인산함량과 밀 품질과의 관계에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 이상의 결과를 통해 국내 품종에서 콩과의 이모작이 경질밀로서 우수한 품질의 밀을 생산하는데 도움이 될 것으로 예상되며, 하작물의 재배가 밀에 어떤 영향을 끼치는지에 대한 생리적 실험 진행에 근거가 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제68권4호
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• pp.413-421
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• 2023

본 연구는 간척지 들깨 재배을 위하여 품종별 NaCl 처리, 치상온도 조건에 따른 발아율과 토양 용적밀도, 염농도, 종자 파종깊에 따른 출현 후 생존율을 분석하여 간척지 새로운 소득작물로써 들깨의 안정적 재배를 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 수행하였다. 1. NaCl 관개수 염농도, 치상온도, 들깨 품종 모든 요인이 발아에 영향을 주었으며, 관개수 염농도가 높아질수록 다유 > 들샘, 늘새미 > 들향, 소담 순으로 높은 발아율을 보였다. 2. 치상온도에 따른 들깨 발아율은 10℃에서는 다른 처리구보다 발아기간이 늦었으며, 35℃에서는 발아하지 못하였다. 3. 토양 용적밀도와 종자 파종깊이에 따른 들깨 출현 후 생존율은 1.1 g cm^-3에서는 3 cm 깊이까지, 1.3 g cm^-3 수준에서는 2 cm 깊이까지, 1.5 g cm^-3 수준에서는 1 cm 깊이까지 출현을 하였다. 4. 토양 염농도에 따른 생존율은 품종별로 유의성을 보이지 않았으며, 1.1 dS m^-1까지는 안정적으로 생존이 될 것으로 보이며, 1.9 dS m^-1 이상에서는 안정적인 출현이 힘들 것으로 판단된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.12-21
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• 2024

본 연구는 딸기의 삽목 육묘 시 묘소질을 향상시키고 품질을 증진시키기 위한 지베렐린 효과를 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 품종은 '설향'을 대상으로 하였고, 삽목 시 삽수의 기부를 30, 60분간 GA₃ 50, 100, 150mg·L^-1에 침지 처리하고 증류수 침지를 대조구로 두었다. 정식 시 묘소질 조사 결과 엽수와 SPAD 값은 지베렐린 침지시간이 길수록 증가하였고, 초장, 엽병장, 엽장, 엽폭, 엽면적은 침지시간과 농도 간의 상호작용에 따라 유의하게 값이 변하였다. 관부직경은 같은 농도라 할지라도 침지시간에 따른 차이가 나타났으며 30분, 100mg·L^-1 처리를 제외하고 모두 직경이 8.0mm 이상으로 우량한 묘가 생성되었으며, T/R률은 30분, 50mg·L^-1 처리에서 유의하게 작아 식물체 활력이 가장 우수했다. 양자수율은 농도가 150mg·L^-1일 때 저조하였고, 지베렐린 처리 농도가 높을수록 양자수율이 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. NPQ는 대조구 대비 30분, 150mg·L^-1 처리에서 유의하게 작아 묘 스트레스 감소에 효과가 있었다. 항산화물 함량은 30분, 50mg·L^-1 처리와 60분, 150mg·L^-1 처리에서 높게 나타났고, 정식 후 생육조사 결과 화아분화 정도에 미치는 지베렐린의 부정적 영향은 없었다. 따라서, '설향' 딸기의 삽목 육묘 시 지베렐린 처리는 정식묘 양성에 효과가 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이때 대조구 대비 생육 증진 및 품질 향상을 위해서는 삽수 기부를 50mg·L^-1의 지베렐린에 30분 침지처리하는 것이 보다 적정한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 안보군사학연구
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• 통권8호
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• pp.49-168
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• 2010

Just before the Korean War, the total number of the North Korean troops was 198,380, while that of the ROK(Republic of Korea) army troops 105,752. That is, the total number of the ROK army troops at that time was 53.3% of the total number of the North Korean army. As of December 2008, the total number of the North Korean troops is estimated to be 1,190,000, while that of the ROK troops is 655,000, so the ROK army maintains 55.04% of the total number of the North Korean troops. If the ROK army continues to reduce its troops according to [Military Reform Plan 2020], the total number of its troops will be 517,000 m 2020. If North Korea maintains the current status(l,190,000 troops), the number of the ROK troops will be 43.4% of the North Korean army. In terms of units, just before the Korean War, the number of the ROK army divisions and regiments was 80% and 44.8% of North Korean army. As of December 2008, North Korea maintains 86 divisions and 69 regiments. Compared to the North Korean army, the ROK army maintains 46 Divisions (53.4% of North Korean army) and 15 regiments (21.3% of North Korean army). If the ROK army continue to reduce the military units according to [Military Reform Plan 2020], the number of ROK army divisions will be 28(13 Active Division, 4 Mobilization Divisions and 11 Local Reserve Divisions), while that of the North Korean army will be 86 in 2020. In that case, the number of divisions of the ROK army will be 32.5% of North Korean army. During the Korean war, North Korea suddenly invaded the Republic of Korea and occupied its capital 3 days after the war began. At that time, the ROK army maintained 80% of army divisions, compared to the North Korean army. The lesson to be learned from this is that, if the ROK army is forced to disperse its divisions because of the simultaneous invasion of North Korea and attack of guerrillas in home front areas, the Republic of Korea can be in a serious military danger, even though it maintains 80% of military divisions of North Korea. If the ROK army promotes the plans in [Military Reform Plan 2020], the number of military units of the ROK army will be 32.5% of that of the North Korean army. This ratio is 2.4 times lower than that of the time when the Korean war began, and in this case, 90% of total military power should be placed in the DMZ area. If 90% of military power is placed in the DMZ area, few troops will be left for the defense of home front. In addition, if the ROK army continues to reduce the troops, it can allow North Korea to have asymmetrical superiority in military force and it will eventually exert negative influence on the stability and peace of the Korean peninsular. On the other hand, it should be reminded that, during the Korean War, the Republic of Korea was attacked by North Korea, though it kept 53.3% of troops, compared to North Korea. It should also be reminded that, as of 2008, the ROK army is defending its territory with the troops 55.04% of North Korea. Moreover, the national defense is assisted by 25,120 troops of the US Forces in Korea. In case the total number of the ROK troops falls below 43.4% of the North Korean army, it may cause social unrest about the national security and may lead North Korea's misjudgement. Besides, according to Lanchester strategy, the party with weaker military power (60% compared to the party with stronger military power) has the 4.1% of winning possibility. Therefore, if we consider the fact that the total number of the ROK army troops is 55.04% of that of the North Korean army, the winning possibility of the ROK army is not higher than 4.1%. If the total number of ROK troops is reduced to 43.4% of that of North Korea, the winning possibility will be lower and the military operations will be in critically difficult situation. [Military Reform Plan 2020] rums at the reduction of troops and units of the ground forces under the policy of 'select few'. However, the problem is that the financial support to achieve this goal is not secured. Therefore, the promotion of [Military Reform Plan 2020] may cause the weakening of military defence power in 2020. Some advanced countries such as Japan, UK, Germany, and France have promoted the policy of 'select few'. However, what is to be noted is that the national security situation of those countries is much different from that of Korea. With the collapse of the Soviet Unions and European communist countries, the military threat of those European advanced countries has almost disappeared. In addition, the threats those advanced countries are facing are not wars in national level, but terrorism in international level. To cope with the threats like terrorism, large scaled army trops would not be necessary. So those advanced European countries can promote the policy of 'select few'. In line with this, those European countries put their focuses on the development of military sections that deal with non-military operations and protection from unspecified enemies. That is, those countries are promoting the policy of 'select few', because they found that the policy is suitable for their national security environment. Moreover, since they are pursuing common interest under the European Union(EU) and they can form an allied force under NATO, it is natural that they are pursing the 'select few' policy. At present, NATO maintains the larger number of troops(2,446,000) than Russia(l,027,000) to prepare for the potential threat of Russia. The situation of japan is also much different from that of Korea. As a country composed of islands, its prime military focus is put on the maritime defense. Accordingly, the development of ground force is given secondary focus. The japanese government promotes the policy to develop technology-concentrated small size navy and air-forces, instead of maintaining large-scaled ground force. In addition, because of the 'Peace Constitution' that was enacted just after the end of World War II, japan cannot maintain troops more than 240,000. With the limited number of troops (240,000), japan has no choice but to promote the policy of 'select few'. However, the situation of Korea is much different from the situations of those countries. The Republic of Korea is facing the threat of the North Korean Army that aims at keeping a large-scale military force. In addition, the countries surrounding Korea are also super powers containing strong military forces. Therefore, to cope with the actual threat of present and unspecified threat of future, the importance of maintaining a carefully calculated large-scale military force cannot be denied. Furthermore, when considering the fact that Korea is in a peninsular, the Republic of Korea must take it into consideration the tradition of continental countries' to maintain large-scale military powers. Since the Korean War, the ROK army has developed the technology-force combined military system, maintaining proper number of troops and units and pursuing 'select few' policy at the same time. This has been promoted with the consideration of military situation in the Koran peninsular and the cooperation of ROK-US combined forces. This kind of unique military system that cannot be found in other countries can be said to be an insightful one for the preparation for the actual threat of North Korea and the conflicts between continental countries and maritime countries. In addition, this kind of technology-force combined military system has enabled us to keep peace in Korea. Therefore, it would be desirable to maintain this technology-force combined military system until the reunification of the Korean peninsular. Furthermore, it is to be pointed out that blindly following the 'select few' policy of advanced countries is not a good option, because it is ignoring the military strategic situation of the Korean peninsular. If the Republic of Korea pursues the reduction of troops and units radically without consideration of the threat of North Korea and surrounding countries, it could be a significant strategic mistake. In addition, the ROK army should keep an eye on the fact the European advanced countries and Japan that are not facing direct military threats are spending more defense expenditures than Korea. If the ROK army reduces military power without proper alternatives, it would exert a negative effect on the stable economic development of Korea and peaceful reunification of the Korean peninsular. Therefore, the desirable option would be to focus on the development of quality of forces, maintaining proper size and number of troops and units under the technology-force combined military system. The tableau above shows that the advanced countries like the UK, Germany, Italy, and Austria spend more defense expenditure per person than the Republic of Korea, although they do not face actual military threats, and that they keep achieving better economic progress than the countries that spend less defense expenditure. Therefore, it would be necessary to adopt the merits of the defense systems of those advanced countries. As we have examined, it would be desirable to maintain the current size and number of troops and units, to promote 'select few' policy with increased defense expenditure, and to strengthen the technology-force combined military system. On the basis of firm national security, the Republic of Korea can develop efficient policies for reunification and prosperity, and jump into the status of advanced countries. Therefore, the plans to reduce troops and units in [Military Reform Plan 2020] should be reexamined. If it is difficult for the ROK army to maintain its size of 655,000 troops because of low birth rate, the plans to establish the prompt mobilization force or to adopt drafting system should be considered for the maintenance of proper number of troops and units. From now on, the Republic of Korean government should develop plans to keep peace as well as to prepare unexpected changes in the Korean peninsular. For the achievement of these missions, some options can be considered. The first one is to maintain the same size of military troops and units as North Korea. The second one is to maintain the same level of military power as North Korea in terms of military force index. The third one is to maintain the same level of military power as North Korea, with the combination of the prompt mobilization force and the troops in active service under the system of technology-force combined military system. At present, it would be not possible for the ROK army to maintain such a large-size military force as North Korea (1,190,000 troops and 86 units). So it would be rational to maintain almost the same level of military force as North Korea with the combination of the troops on the active list and the prompt mobilization forces. In other words, with the combination of the troops in active service (60%) and the prompt mobilization force (40%), the ROK army should develop the strategies to harmonize technology and forces. The Korean government should also be prepared for the strategic flexibility of USFK, the possibility of American policy change about the location of foreign army, radical unexpected changes in North Korea, the emergence of potential threat, surrounding countries' demand for Korean force for the maintenance of regional stability, and demand for international cooperation against terrorism. For this, it is necessary to develop new approaches toward the proper number and size of troops and units. For instance, to prepare for radical unexpected political or military changes in North Korea, the Republic of Korea should have plans to protect a large number of refugees, to control arms and people, to maintain social security, and to keep orders in North Korea. From the experiences of other countries, it is estimated that 115,000 to 230,000 troops, plus ten thousands of police are required to stabilize the North Korean society, in the case radical unexpected military or political change happens in North Korea. In addition, if the Republic of Korea should perform the release of hostages, control of mass destruction weapons, and suppress the internal wars in North Korea, it should send 460,000 troops to North Korea. Moreover, if the Republic of Korea wants to stop the attack of North Korea and flow of refugees in DMZ area, at least 600,000 troops would be required. In sum, even if the ROK army maintains 600,000 troops, it may need additional 460,000 troops to prepare for unexpected radical changes in North Korea. For this, it is necessary to establish the prompt mobilization force whose size and number are almost the same as the troops in active service. In case the ROK army keeps 650,000 troops, the proper number of the prompt mobilization force would be 460,000 to 500,000.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1975

The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2016

목 적 : 두경부암의 양성자 치료 시 BoS frame ($Q-fix^{TM}$)을 사용하면 후사방향의 빔 조사 시 couch 와 snout 사이 충돌을 피하면서 Airgap 을 최소화할 수 있다. 이는 couch 에서 BoS frame 을 얼마나 많이 extended 시켰는지가 각 치료 빔 방향의 Airgap (환자와 빔 사출구 거리)을 결정하기 때문이다. 이에 본원에서는 BoS frame의 제한점을 개선하기 위하여 고정장치를 자체 제작하였고, 제작한 고정장치의 유용성을 본 연구를 통해 선량학적으로 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 본원에서 양성자치료를 받은 Brain Cancer환자 3명의 빔 각도 중 후사방향의 빔 6개를 선택하였다. 현재 치료계획 되어 있는 환자를 기존 방식대로 BoS frame만 사용했을 때 각 환자마다 왼쪽후사방향, 오른쪽 후사방향의 빔에서 충돌을 피할 수 있는 snout 위치를 측정하고 이 위치에 따른 Airgap과 Lateral penumbra 영역을 계산하고 DVH값을 분석하였다. 같은 환자의 동일한 빔에서 자체 제작한 BoS frame 고정장치를 사용하여 제조회사에서 권고한 set-up 사항보다 BoS frame을 21 cm superior방향으로 set-up을 진행하였고, 그 후 충돌을 피할 수 있는 snout위치를 측정하고 이 위치에서 Airgap과 Lateral penumbra영역을 계산하고 DVH값을 분석하였다. 결 과 : 자체 제작 BoS frame 고정장치를 사용함에 따라 사용하지 않았을 때 보다 snout 위치 즉 Airgap을 각각 각도별로 5.4 cm ~ 15.4 cm 줄일 수 있었다. Lateral penumbra는 BoS frame 고정장치를 사용하면서 Airgap을 감소시킴에 따라 각도별로 선량분포곡선에서 왼쪽, 오른쪽 부분을 0.1 cm ~ 0.4 cm 감소시킬 수 있었다. 자체 제작한 BoS frame 고정장치 사용함으로써 감소한 Lateral penumbra에 의해 정상조직에 들어가는 선량을 비교해보면 Lt.eyeball, Lt.lens, Lt.hippocampus, Lt.cochlea, Rt.eyeball, Rt.lens, Rt.cochlea, Rt. hippocampus, stem에 들어가는 선량이 0 CGE ~ 4.4 CGE 감소한 것을 알 수 있었다. 결 론 : 두경부암의 양성자 치료 시 자체제작 BoS frame 고정장치를 사용함에 따라 사용하지 않았을 때보다 후사방향의 빔에서 snout 위치를 감소시킬 수 있었고, Airgap을 줄여 결과적으로 Lateral penumbra를 감소시켜 정상조직에 불필요한 선량을 최소화 할 수 있었다. 이에 본 연구를 통해 자체제작 BoS frame 고정장치의 유용성을 선량학적으로 평가한 결과, 후사방향의 빔을 사용하는 두경부암 환자의 양성자 치료 시 유용하게 사용 될 것으로 기대된다. 마지막으로 두경부암 뿐만 아니라 다른 부위 양성자 치료에서도 Airgap을 최소한 할 수 있는 방법을 고안하여 Lateral penumbra를 줄일 수 있는 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것이라고 사료된다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 1967

In view of its prevalence in the Far East area, a more detailed knowledge on the hookworm infection is one of the very important medical problems. The present study was aimed to; determine the infectivity of the artificially hatched ancylostoma duodenale larvae in man after its oral administration, evaluate the clinical symptomatology of such infection, determine the date of first appearance of the ova in the stool, calculate the blood loss per worm per day, assess the relation-ships between the ova count, infectivity(worm load), blood loss and severity of anemia. An erythrokinetic study was also done to analyse the characteristics of hookworm anemia by means of $^{59}Fe\;and\;^{51}Cr$. Materials and Methods Ten healthy male volunteers(doctors, medical students and laboratory technicians) with the ages ranging from 21 to 40 years were selected as the experimental materials. They had no history of hookworm infection for preceding several years, and care was taken not to be exposed to reinfection. A baseline study including a through physical examinations and laboratory investigations such as complete blood counts, stool examination and estimation of the serum iron levels was done, and a vermifuge, bephenium hydroxynaphoate, was given 10 days prior to the main experiment. The ancylostoma duodenale filariform larvae were obtained in the following manner; The pure ancylostoma duodenale ova were obtained from the hookworm anemia patients and a modified filter paper method was adopted to harvest larger number of infective larvae, which were washed several times with saline. The actively moving mature larvae were put into the gelatine capsules, 150 in each, and were given to the volunteers in the fasting state with 300ml. of water. The volunteers were previously treated with intramuscular injection of 15mg. of chlorpromazine in order to prevent the eventual nausea and vomiting after the larvae intake. The clinical symptoms and signs mainly of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, appearance of the ova and occult blood in the stool etc. were checked every day for the first 20 days and then twice weekly until the end of the experiment, which usually lasted for about 3 months. Roentgenological survey of the lungs was also done. The hematological changes such as the red blood cell, white blood cell and eosinophil cell counts, hemoglobin content and serum iron levels were studied. The appearance of the ova in the stool was examined by the formalin ether method and the ova were counted in triplicate on two successive days using the Stoll's dilution method. The ferrokinetic data were calculated by the modified Huff's method and the apparent half survival time of the red blood cells by the modified Gray's method. The isotopes were simultaneously tagged and injected intravenously, and then the stool and blood samples were collected as was described by Roche et al., namely, three separate 4-day stool samples with the blood sample drawing before each 4-day stool collection. The radio-activities of the stools ashfied and the blood were separately measured by the pulse-height analyser. The daily blood loss was calculated with the following formula; daily blood loss in $ml.=\frac{cpm/g\;stool{\times}weight\;in\;g\;of\;4-day\;stool}{cpm/ml\;blood{\times}4}$ The average of these three 4-day periods was given as the daily blood loss in each patient. The blood loss per day per worm was calculated by simply dividing the daily blood loss by the number of the hookworm recovered after the vermifuge given twice a week at the termination of the experiment. The iron loss in mg. through the gastrointestinal tract was estimated with the daily iron loss in $mg=\frac{g\;Hgb/100ml{\times}ml\;daily\;blood\;loss{\times}3.40}{100}$ 3.40=mg of iron per g Hgb following formula; Results 1. The respiratory symptoms such as cough and sputum were noted in almost all cases within a week after the infection, which lasted about 2 weeks. The roentgenological findings of the chest were essentially normal. A moderate degree of febril reaction appeared within 2 weeks with a duration of 3 or 4 days. 2. The gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, epigastric fullness, abdominal pain and loose bowel appeared in all cases immediately after the larvae intake. 3. The reduction of the red blood cell count was not remarkable, however, the hemoglobin content and especially the serum iron level showed the steady decreases until the end of the experiment. 4. The white blood cells and eosinophil cells, on the contrary, showed increases in parallel and reached peaks in 20 to 30 days after the infection. A small secondary rise was noted in 2 months. 5. The ova first appeared in the stool in 40. 1 days after the infection, ranging from 29 to 51 days, during which the occult blood reaction of the stool became also positive in almost cases. 6. The number of ova recovered per day was 164, 320 on the average, ranging from 89,500 to 253,800. The number of the worm evacuated by vermifuge was in rough correlation with the number of ova recovered. 7. The infectivity of ancylostoma duodenale was 14% on the average, ranging from 7.3 to 20.0%, which is relatively lower than those reported by other workers. 8. The mean fecal blood loss was 5.78ml. per day, with a range of from 2.6 to 11.7ml., and the mean blood loss per worm per day was 0.30ml., with a range of from 0.13 to 0.73ml., which is in rough coincidence with those reported by other authors. There appeared to exist, however, no correlation between the blood loss and the number of ova recovered. 9. The mean fecal iron loss was 2.02mg. per day, with a range of from 1.20 to 3.89mg., which is less than those appeared in the literature. 10. The mean plasma iron disappearance rate was 0.80hr., with a range of from 0.62 to 0.95hr., namely, a slight accerelation. 11. The hookworm anemia appeared to be iron deficiency in origin caused by continuous intestinal blood loss.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.232-247
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• 1987

충남(忠南) 지역(地域) 일반계(一般系) 장려품종인 동진(東津)벼, 대청(大晴)벼, 추청(秋晴)벼 3품종(品種)의 혼식재배(混植栽培)가 병해(病害) 및 수량(收量)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 1987년(年)에 충남대학(忠南大學) 농과대학(農科大學) 시험포(試驗圃)에서 수행(遂行)한 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 혼식(混植)에 따른 품종(品種) 및 처리간(處理間) 출수기(出穗期) 변화(變化)는 차이(差異)가 없었고 추청(秋晴)벼 보비구(普肥區)에서만 1일(日) 지연(遲延)되었다. 2. 초장(草長)의 혼식효과(混植效果)는 소비구(少肥區)에서 높았으며 혼식조합별(混植組合別)로는 동진(東津)벼와 대청(大晴)벼 혼식조합구(混植組合區)에서 5.1%로 가장 높게 나타났고 경수(莖數)에서는 보비구(普肥區)에서 혼식효과(混植效果)가 나타났으며 혼식조합별(混植組合別)로는 추청(秋晴)벼와 동진(東津)벼의 혼식조합구(混植組合區)에서 단식구(單植區) 평균치(平均値)보다 5.7%가 증가(增加)하여 혼식효과(混植效果)가 가장 높았다. 3. 간장(稈長)은 시비량(施肥量)이 많을수록 혼식효과(混植效果)도 증가(增加)하였으며 동진(東津)벼와 대청(大晴)벼 혼식조합구(混植組合區)에서 간장(稈長)이 가장 길었으며 혼식효과(混植效果)도 높았다. 반대로 수장(穗長)은 시비량(施肥量)이 많을수록 감소(減少)하였으며 혼식효과(混植效果)도 떨어졌다. 혼식조합별(混植組合別)로는 동진(東津)벼와 대청(大晴)벼 혼식조합구(混植組合區)에서 수장(穗長)이 가장 길었으며, 혼식효과(混植效果)도 현저했다. 4. 성숙기(成熟期)의 지상부(地上部) 건물중(乾物重)은 단식구(單植區)에 비해 2품종(品種) 혼식구(混植區)에서 3.5%, 3품종(品種) 혼식구(混植區)에서 8.5% 증가(增加)하였으며 비료수준별(肥料水準別)로는 보비구(普肥區)에서 혼식효과(混植效果)가 현저했다. 5. 목도열병(稻熱病)과 지경(枝莖) 도열병(稻熱病)은 혼식구(混植區)에서 각각(各各) 11.7%, 14.0% 감소(減少)하였으며, 소비구(少肥區)보다는 보비구(普肥區)에서 혼식효과(混植效果)가 현저했으며, 혼식조합별(混植組合別)로는 동진(東津)벼와 대청(大晴)벼 혼식조합구(混植組合區)에서 도열병(稻熱病) 발생(發生)이 가장 적었다. 6. $m^2$당(當) 수수(穗數)는 추청(秋晴)벼와 동진(東津)벼 혼식조합구(混植組合區)에서 혼식효과(混植效果)가 가장 높았으나 수당(穗當) 영화수(穎花數)는 추청(秋晴)벼와 동진(東津)벼 혼식조합구(混植組合區)에서 가장 낮았다. 비료수준별(肥料水準別) 혼식효과(混植效果)는 $m^2$당(當) 수수(穗數)에서 비료수준(肥料水準)이 높을수록, 수당(穗當) 영화수(穎花數)는 비료수준(肥料水準)이 낮을수록 컸다. 7. 등숙율(登熟率)은 비료수준(肥料水準)에 관계(關係)없이 전(全) 혼식조합구(混植組合區)에서 혼식효과(混植效果)가 나타났으며, 1000립중(粒重)은 소비구(少肥區)에서 혼식조합간(混植組合間)에는 추청(秋晴)벼와 동진(東津)벼 혼식조합(混植組合)과 3품종(品種) 혼식조합구(混植組合區)에서 혼식효과(混植效果)가 높았다. 8. 수량(收量)은 단식구(單植區)보다 혼식구(混植區)에서 4.6% 증수(增收)되었으며 특히 소비구(少肥區)에서 증수(增收)가 현저했다. 혼식조합별(混植組合別)로는 추청(秋晴)벼와 동진(東津)벼 혼식조합구(混植組合區)에서 6.8% 증수(增收)되어 혼식효과(混植效果)가 가장 높았다. 9. 수량(收量)은 $m^2$당(當) 수수(穗數)와 건물중(乾物重)에 고도(高度)의 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되었으며 수당(穗當) 영화수(穎花數)와 등숙율(登熟率)과는 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2018

카자흐스탄 듀셈바이지역에서 변성퇴적암을 모암으로 발달한 연-아연 광화대가 확인되었다. 이 광화대에서 채취된 암추시료의 암석학적 특징, 변질지수(Alteration Index) 및 광석의 산화-환원 민감도(Redox-sensitive)를 퇴적분기형(SEDEX-type) 광상과 대비하였다. 광화작용은 습곡과 단층에 의해 규제되며 주로 흑연질천매암의 엽리를 따라 발달한다. 주요 광석광물은 황철석, 자류철석, 섬아연석 및 방연석이며, 세립질 석영과 함께 산점상 또는 층상으로 발달되어 있다. 광화대의 연변부는 전반적으로 견운모 및 녹니석을 수반하는 광역변성작용의 특징을 보인다. 모암을 관입한 마츄빈 화강암류 인근에서 열수작용에 의한 각력화와 망상의 석영-방해석 맥에 수반되는 연-아연 광화작용이 확인된다. 광화작용은 광석광물의 산출형태, 공생광물, 화학조성 및 동위원소 특성에 의해 세 가지 유형으로 구분된다. 광화 제1유형은 엽층리가 잘 발달된 모암 내에 미립의 황철석, 자황철석 및 섬아연석이 엽층리에 평행하게 단속적으로 배태되는 특징을 가지며, 지구화학적 분석결과 퇴적분기형 광화작용의 초기 단계 특징과 유사하다. 광화 제2유형은 광역변성작용에 의해 모암에 형성된 엽리에 평행하게 광석광물이 농집되어 나타나며, 석영 및 백운모(${\pm}$ 흑운모)와 공생하는 특징을 보인다. 광화 제3유형은 열수각력대 내에 발달하며, 모암의 엽리면과 각력 사이의 열극에 규제되어 층상, 망상 및 세맥상의 형태로 발달하는 특징을 가진다. 듀셈바이 연-아연 광화대의 모암은 유사한 변성정도를 나타내고, 명확한 변질대의 분대 현상이 관찰되지 않는다. 또한 광화 제1유형, 제2유형 및 제3유형 모두 유사한 희토류원소(REEs) 패턴을 나타내므로 동일한 기원에 의해 형성된 것으로 해석된다. 광화대에서 산출되는 황화광물은 제한된 범위의 황 동위원소 값(제2유형: ${\delta}^{34}S=-13.3{\sim}-11.7$‰, 제3유형: ${\delta}^{34}S=-13.9{\sim}-8.2$‰)을 가지며, 동위원소 지질온도계 적용 결과, 제2유형($T=251{\pm}38^{\circ}C{\sim}277{\pm}40^{\circ}C$)과 제3유형($T=360{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, $537{\pm}29^{\circ}C$)이 각각 다른 온도 범위로 나타났다. 이는 각각 모암의 변성작용과 마츄빈 화강암류의 관입에 의한 영향을 반영하는 것으로 추정된다. Th-Zr-Sc을 이용한 퇴적환경 분석 및 V/Mo 값을 이용한 산화-환원 민감도 검토 결과, 열수퇴적물은 침전 후 환원환경을 겪었으며 이후 변성작용과 화성암체의 관입에 의한 영향을 받은 것을 지시한다. 또한, 주성분을 이용한 SEDEX 지수를 산출하여 퇴적분기형 광상 판별도에 도시해본 결과 원지성 광화대에 대비된다. 따라서 듀셈바이 연-아연 광화대는 퇴적암을 모암으로 발달하는 층상 퇴적분기형 광상의 원지성 광화대에 해당하는 것으로 판단된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.389-396
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• 2005

목 적 : 중환자실 환자에서 중심정맥관 관련 감염증은 원내 감염의 주요 부분을 차지한다. 이러한 중심 정맥관 관련 감염증을 감소시키기 위하여 chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine coated catheter (CHSS) 사용에 대한 임상적 유용성에 대해서는 논란의 여지가 있지만, 국내에서는 아직 이와 관련된 보고가 없었다. 본 연구는 non-coated catheter (NCC)와 CHSS의 중심 정맥관 관련 감염증의 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2004년 1월부터 12월까지 12개월간 서울아산병원 내과계 중환자실에 입원하여 48시간 이상 중심정맥관을 삽입하였던 446 예을 대상으로 하였다. NCC(n=187)과 CHSS (n=259)에서 중심정맥관과 환자의 특성, 중심정맥관 삽입 위치, 평균 삽입 일수, 집락화중심정맥관 관련 감염증의 빈도, 및 원인균 등에 대하여 후향적인 방법으로 조사하였다. 결 과 : 1) NCC와 CHSS에서 환자군의 나이 ($62{\pm}16$, $63{\pm}15$; p=0.42) 세, 성비 (94:50, 141:69; p=0.9), 중환자실 재원일수 ($29{\pm}37$, $26{\pm}44$ ;p=0.42) 일, 인공 호흡기 사용 기간 ($17{\pm}22$, $15{\pm}19$; p=0.17) 일, 카테터 삽입 시 APACHE III 점수는 ($81{\pm}34$, $82{\pm}37$; p=0.61) 차이가 없었다. 2) 평균 카테터 삽입 기간은 NCC $11{\pm}8$ 일, CHSS $11{\pm}9$ 일 이었고(p=0.98), 총 카테터 일수는 NCC 2176일, CHSS 3035 일 이었다. NCC와 CHSS에서 카테터 감염 발생 환자는 각각 9명 (4.8%), 4명(1.5%) 으며, 1000 catheter-day당 감염 건수는 4.1건, 1.3건 이었다(p=0.04). 삽입 위치에서는 내경 정맥 삽입 시 CHSS에서 NCC 보다 중심정맥관 관련 감염증이 감소하였다 (p=0.01). 3) 중심정맥관 관련 감염증에서 동정된 균은 NCC에서 Stazfphylococcus aureus 3명, Candida species 3명, coagulase-negative Staphylococci 2명, Klebsiella 1명, 이었고 CHSS는 coagulase-negative Staphylococci 2명, Candida species 2명, Proteus 1명 이었다. 결 론 : 내과계 중환자실 환자에서 중심정맥관 삽입 시 NCC에 비해 CHSS에서 중심정맥관 감염율이 감소하였으며, 특히 삽입 위치가 내경 정맥일 때 유의한 감소를 보였다.