• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.679-687
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• 2002

In this study, a cycle simulation using a two-zone model is carried out to investigate the effect of intake charging conditions such as oxygen concentration, temperature and pressure on NO emissions in a DI diesel engine. The model is validated against measurements in terms of cylinder pressure, torque, BSFC and NOx emissions with 2902 cc DI diesel engine. Calculated results can be summarized as follows. The oxygen concentration in the intake charge is decreased with increasing of EGR rate and equivalence ratio. As the intake oxygen concentration is reduced, the combustion pressure and the burned gas temperature decrease and, as a result, NO formation decreases. Also, the results show that as the intake pressure increases and the intake temperature decreases, NO emissions are effectively reduced.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.479-486
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• 2019

캡스기초공법은 조립골재층의 아칭효과를 이용하여 건물의 하중을 경감시키는 기초공법이지만, 아직까지 이에 대한 검증은 부족한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 캡스기초공법 적용에 따른 하중의 경감효과를 정량적으로 입증하기 위해 캡스기초블록을 이용한 실내모형시험을 수행하였다. 실내모형시험은 캡스기초블록의 크기와 하중 재하판의 면적에 따라 모두 6가지 조건으로 실시하였으며, 모형 토조 내 3곳에서 재하 하중의 크기에 따른 토압의 변화를 관찰하였다. 시험 결과 캡스기초블록의 크기와 하중 재하판의 면적에 관계없이 하중 재하 지점과 가장 가까운 위치에서 토압이 가장 크게 나타났으며, 하중 재하 위치에서 멀어질수록 토압은 작게 나타났다. 토압이 가장 크게 나타난 위치에서 재하판의 면적이 30 cm × 30 cm 일 때 축소블록에 의한 토압은 블록이 없는 경우의 토압에 비해 평균 35.4 %, 표준블록은 평균 39.7 % 경감되었다. 또한, 재하판의 면적이 60 cm×60 cm 일 때 축소블록의 토압은 블록이 없는 경우의 토압에 비해 평균 33.9%, 표준블록은 평균 42.7 % 경감되었다. 따라서 조립골재의 아칭효과를 이용한 캡스기초공법을 적용한다면 축소블록의 경우 33 %, 표준블록의 경우 39 % 이상 하중경감효과가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제11권
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• pp.77-82
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• 1969

1968년 10월 3일에 채취한 홍옥(紅玉)을 시료로 하여 12월 3일 까지 감압도에 따라 저장시험한 결과를 보면 1) 본(本) 시험에서 실험한 감압도에 따른 시험결과는 10cmHg의 저감압이 가장 효과적이었다. 2) 상온의 10cmHg 감압구 (No.2)가 냉장상압(No.5) 보다 우수하였다. 3) 감압저장에 Poly-ethylene film 포장의 겸용은 단기 저장에서는 보다 효과적이었으나 장기 저장에서는 생리장해로 인하여 폐과량 증가하였다. 4) 청과물의 선도(鮮度), 보지제, 증산억제제 및 위조방지제인 O.E.D. coating이 저장효과에 미치는 영향은 극히 미약하였다. 5) Sodium dehydro acetate의 처리는 홍옥의 저장에서는 아무런 효과가 없었다. 6) 전당 및 환원당은 전보(前報) 축(祝)의 저장시험 때와 같이 저장 초기에는 증가하고 일정기간 후는 다 같이 감소하였으며 10cmHg 감압구(No.6)에서 증가 및 감소율이 가장 낮았다. 7) 산 및 Vitamin 도 전보(前報)와 같은 경향이었으며 역시 저감압인 10cmHg 감압구(No.6)에서 감소율이 현저히 낮았다. 지금 까지의 실험 결과로 미루어 볼 때 사과의 저장에는 10cmHg로 감압저장하는 것이 가장 효과적이며 냉장감압 함이 더욱 좋다고 할수 있겠다.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.431-441
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in the contact area, maximum pressure, maximum mean pressure, and maximum force of functional insoles and general insoles when walking. Methods: Foot pressure was measured by the ignition of functional insoles and general insoles on Company N shoes. The foot pressure was measured using a precision pressure distribution meter (Pedar - X mobile system, Novel, Germany). Each insole sensor contained 99 independent cells and was inserted between the foot and the shoe. A wireless Bluetooth-type program was used to measure the pressure detected by the measuring insoles. In order to eliminate adaptation and fatigue caused by wearing the guide during the experiment, sufficient rest was taken between each experiment, and the wearing order was randomly selected. Results: Functional insole significantly increased the forefoot and midfoot (medial, lateral) (p<0.05), while total foot, forefoot, and rearfoot peak pressure significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared to the general insole. Conclusion: In the functional insole, a high contact area was measured inside, even in the middle of the foot, leading to a proper change in foot pressure. It was confirmed that the contact area was reduced and dispersion occurred well. In addition, it was found that the maximum pressure in the front and back of the entire foot was reduced, so the weight pressure dispersion in the functional insole was evenly distributed, and the maximum average pressure change was similar.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.42-46
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• 2016

In LCD Display or semiconductor manufacturing processes, the anti-static technology of glass substrates and wafers becomes one of the most difficult issues which influence the yield of the semiconductor manufacturing. In order to overcome the problems of wafer surface contamination various issues such as ionization in decompressed vacuum and inactive gas(i.e. $N_2$ gas, Ar gas, etc.) environment should be considered. Soft X ray radiation is adequate in air and $O_2$ gas at atmospheric pressure while UV radiation is effective in $N_2$ gas Ar gas and at reduced pressure. At this point of view, the "vacuum ultraviolet ray ionization" is one of the most suitable methods for static elimination. The vacuum ultraviolet can be categorized according to a short wavelength whose value is from 100nm to 200nm. this is also called as an Extreme Ultraviolet. Most of these vacuum ultraviolet is absorbed in various substances including the air in the atmosphere. It is absorbed substances become to transit or expose the electrons, then the ionization is initially activated. In this study, static eliminator based on the vacuum ultraviolet ray under the above mentioned environment was tested and the results show how the ionization performance based on vacuum ultraviolet ray can be optimized. These vacuum ultraviolet ray performs better in extreme atmosphere than an ordinary atmospheric environment. Neutralization capability, therefore, shows its maximum value at $10^{-1}{\sim}10^{-3}$ Torr pressure level, and than starts degrading as pressure is gradually reduced. Neutralization capability at this peak point is higher than that at reduced pressure about $10^4$ times on the atmospheric pressure and by about $10^3$ times on the inactive gas. The introductions of these technology make it possible to perfectly overcome problems caused by static electricity and to manufacture ULSI devices and LCD with high reliability.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제19권
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• pp.343-350
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• 1999

The separation of humic acid by ultrafiltration was most influenced by pressure difference. when pressure difference increased from latm to 3atm, permeate flux increased from 40% to 60% but rejection rate reduced from 97% to 91% because of adsorption of molecules of humic acid at membrane surface. Since physical adsorption was more dominant than chemical adsorption, adsorption of membrane surface was reduced 50% when slow rate increased at same conditions.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.293-297
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• 2001

문헌에 보고된 삼중점과 임계점간 기존의 파라수소 증기압 측정값을 이용하여 환원증기압과 환원온도 형태의 아래와 같은 식의 지수와 상수를 구하는데 사용하였다. $lnP_r=2.64-{\frac{2.75}{T_r}}+1.48129lnT_r+0.11T^5_r$ 증기압을 계산하기 위해서 필요한 것은 정상 끓는점($T_b$= 20.268K), 임계압력($P_c$= 1292.81 kPa) 및 임계온도($T_c$= 32.976K)뿐이며 153개 파라수소의 증기압 실험자료에 적용하여 본 결과 전체 평균편차가 0.21% 였다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권12호
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• pp.828-833
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• 2009

As a fundamental study in the development of a distillation process for ferromanganese alloy melts, the evaporation behavior of an electrolytic manganese melt under reduced pressure was investigated. The melt temperature, vacuum degree, surface area of the melt, and reaction time were considered as experimental variables. The amount of vaporized manganese increases linearly as the reaction time increases, and the evaporation of manganese was promoted by increasing the temperature and surface area of the melt. In the pressure range below the equilibrium vapor pressure of manganese, the amount of vaporized manganese per unit surface area of the melt increased sharply with a decrease of the pressure in the reaction chamber. An empirical equation for the evaporation rate of manganese was derived by regression analysis. The evaporation coefficient of manganese was determined to be approximately $3.84{\times}10^{-3}(g{\cdot}K^{1/2})/(Pa{\cdot}cm^2{\cdot}min)$ under the investigated conditions.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2015

Purpose: This study examined the effect of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), positive airway pressure, and the posture of emergency medical technicians (EMTs) when conducting CPR. Methods: Twenty 119 EMTs performed 30:2 CPR on a manikin for 4 min. Imaging data were digitized with Kwon3D XP (version 4.0). Data were collected by analyzing the motion when starting in one cycle, such as pressing to the maximum and in the final position (relaxed), and were analyzed with SPSS 18.0. Results: The angle of the elbow joints was significantly reduced (p < .05). The trunk angle was statistically significantly (p < .01, p < .001) increased. The angular velocities of the shoulder joint and left elbow joint were reduced (p > .05). The angular velocity of the trunk was significantly reduced in the starting and maximum compression postures. The hand-escape time was increased. The average compression depth was increased but not significantly (p > .05). The positive airway pressure was reduced (p > .05). Conclusion: The angle of the elbow joints and the angular velocity of the trunk were reduced, and the angle of the trunk was increased. The success of CPR and positive airway pressure was reduced.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2017

Most of small air vehicles with moving wing fly at low Reynolds number condition and the reduced frequency of the moving wing ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. The physical phenomena over the wing dramatically vary with the reduced frequency. This study examines experimentally the effect of the reduced frequency at low Reynolds number. The NACA0012 airfoil performs sinusoidal pitching motion with respect to the quarter chord with the four reduced frequencies of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.76 at the Reynolds number $2.3{\times}10^4$. Smoke-wire flow visualization, unsteady surface pressure measurement, and unsteady force calculation are conducted. At the reduced frequency of 0.1 and 0.2, various boundary layer events such as reverse flow, discrete vortices, separation and reattachment change the amplitude and the rotation direction of the unsteady force hysteresis. However, the boundary layer events abruptly disappear at the reduced frequency of 0.4 and 0.76. Especially at the reduced frequency of 0.76, the local variation of the unsteady force with respect to the angle of attack completely vanishes. These results lead us to the conclusion that the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of the reduced frequency of 0.2 and 0.4 are clearly distinguishable and the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics below the reduced frequency of 0.2 are governed by the boundary layer events.