• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2003

The present investigation was carried out to study the possible cause for reciprocal difference in silkworm hybrids. By utilising the polyvoltine race Pure Mysore (PM) and newly evolved breeds (CSR2, CSR5, CSR16 and CSR17), the direct and reciprocal crosses of polyvoltine ${\times}$ bivoltine and also bivoltine hybrids were studied. The hybrids of polyvoltine ${\times}$ bivoltine (direct) are superior to their reciprocal crosses in respect of cocoon yield, cocoon weight and filament length. The reciprocal crosses of polyvoltine ${\times}$ bivoltine are superior to their direct crosses in respect of fecundity and short larval duration. No significant differences were observed in the characters like cocoon shell ratio, raw silk percentage, denier, reelability and neatness in both polyvoltine ${\times}$ bivoltine direct crosses and their reciprocals. The expression of cocoon characters as a function of sex revealed that direct crosses (polyvoltine ${\times}$ bivoltine) showed higher cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell weight and longer filament length in females than the reciprocal crosses (bivoltine ${\times}$ polyvoltine), where as these characters in males were almost the same in both direct and reciprocal crosses, indicating that the sex-linked genetic factor played a more important role. it was clear that difference in cocoon yield observed in reciprocal crosses of polyvoltine ${\times}$ bivoltine was due to the low cocoon and shell weight in females which was turn due to presence of early maturity genes (Lme) linked with sex-chromosome (X) which effect on larvae period of the silkworm. In bivoltine hybrids, i.e., both direct and their reciprocals crosses, all the characters viz., hatching percentage, larval duration, survival, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell ratio, raw silk percentage, filament length, denier, reelability and neatness did not show any significant difference (except number of eggs laid by moth) which could account for presence of same maturity genes (Lm) in both direct and reciprocal crosses. it was clear that reciprocal differences occur when the hybrids are prepared from the parental strains with different voltinism.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2008

Aerides vandarum and Vanda stangeana are two rare and endangered vandaceous orchids with immense floricultural traits. The intergeneric hybrids were synthesized by performing reciprocal crosses between them. In vitro germination response of the immature hybrid embryos was found to be best on half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 20% (v/v) coconut water/liquid endosperm from tender coconut. Determination of hybridity was made as early as the immature seeds or embryos germinated in vitro, using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Out of 15 arbitrarily chosen decamer RAPD primers, two were found to be useful in amplification of polymorphic bands specific to the parental species and their presence in the reciprocal crosses. However, a decisive profile that can identify the reciprocal crosses could not be provided by RAPD. Amplification of the trnL-F non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA of the parent species and hybrids aided easy identification of the reciprocal crosses from the fact that maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA held true for these intergeneric hybrids. Subsequent restriction digestion of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified trnL-F non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA also consolidated the finding. Such PCR-based molecular markers could be used for early determination of hybridity and easy identification of the reciprocal crosses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.84-88
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• 1998

The aim of this study was to describe growth patterns of mice using Gompertz model. Two distinct types of mice, laboratory mouse $CF_{\sharp1}$ (Mus musculus domesticus) and Yonakuni wild mouse (Yk, Mus musculus molossinus yonakuni) were used. From all possible crosses, there were two parental types and two reciprocal $F_1$ crosses obtained. Individual body weights were measured weekly from birth to ten weeks of age on 321 mice. Standardization to six mice was conducted and only first litters were used. Growth curve parameters were estimated to fit growth data. The results showed that growth among genetic groups were significantly different (p < 0.05) for both sexes, in which parental type of $CF_{\sharp1}$ and Yk had the highest and the smallest values, respectively. Meanwhile, reciprocal $F_1$ crosses were intermediate between parental types. It was concluded that Gompertz model provided and excellent fit for the growth data with a high coefficient determination $(R^2 = 0.999)$.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.61-64
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• 2005

General and specific combining ability effects of six bivoltine breeds of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) were evaluated for six quantitative characters through diallel method wherein parents, $F_{1}s$ and reciprocals are involved. The breeds $APS_{11}\;and\;APS_{2}$ were found to be the best general combiners for most of the traits studied. The high estimates of specific combining ability (sca) variance (${\sigma}^{2}s$) compared to general combining ability (gca) variance (${\sigma}^{2}g$) indicated the predominant role of non-additive gene action in the control of all the characters. Positive sca effects for majority of the traits were expressed by the combinations $APS_{13}{\times}APS_6,\;APS_{13}{\times}APS_2,\;APS_{11}{\times}APS_6\;and\;APS_5{\times}APS_2$ out of 15 crosses. Among the 15 reciprocal crosses studied, the combination $APS_8{\times}APS_{13}$ showed positive reciprocal effects for all the six traits. With both the parents $APS_5\;and\;APS_2$ being good general combiners the hybrid $APS_5{\times}APS_2$ showing high sca effects is recommended for commercial use.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 1990

In every reciprocal crosses of self pollination, interspecific pollination through ordinary stigma pollination of L. longiflorum and $L.{\;}{\times}{\;}elegans$, pollen vigorously germinated in stigma, and pollen tube was growing. But, 5 days after pollination, pollen tube stopping their growth in the same style as was observed in the cross of self pollination and interspecific pollination. Intrastylar pollination of $L.{\;}{\times}{\;}elegans$ and L. longiflorum passed stylar cannal through the basal part of styles. But, pollen tube that was growing to the ovule of the ovary was extremely small. In morphogical observation of ovary 10 days after pollination, it was observed, that every reciprocal crosses of L. longiflorum ${\times}$ L. ${\times}$ elegans was fertilized through intrastylar pollination, so that this technique was used to overcome cross incompatibilities.lities.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.395-402
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• 1997

The study has been conducted in order to understand the inheritance of body color in the wild type zebrafish (zebra danio), Danio rerio, and its golden mutant (golden danio). The body color was also studied to determine the effect of golden coloration on the survival rate of zebrafish eggs and larvae up to 15 days after fertilization. Reciprocal monohybrid crosses between the wild and the golden type of zebrafish indicated that golden coloration was controlled by a single gene which had two alleles. Transmission of these alleles from parents to their progenies followed the principles of dominance and segregation based on Mendelian inheritance. Similar results from the reciprocal crosses implied that a locus for golden coloration was located on an autosomal chromosome. On the other hand, average survival rates from four different types of mating between, and within, zebra and golden danio suggested that golden coloration seemed to be associated with the survival rate of zebrafish, especially in its early embryonic stage. This indicated that homozygous recessive golden mutation was likely to weaken the golden danio's chance of survival.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.554-562
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• 2006

Two lines of mice, M16 selected for rapid growth and a randomly selected control ICR as well as their reciprocal crosses were used to study the effects of genotype on whole-body energetics and intestinal responses to monensin. Six mice, eight weeks of age, from each line or reciprocal cross were assigned to one of two treatments, 1) drinking water containing 20 mmol/L monensin dissolved in 0.5% V/V ethanol, and 2) drinking water containing 0.5% V/V ethanol (control) for two weeks. After 11 days (age of 9 weeks and 4 days), whole-body $O_2$ consumption was measured. At the end of two weeks, jejunal $O_2$ consumption, intestinal tissue composition and histomorphometrics as well as the rate and efficiency of glucose absorption were estimated. In comparison with the control, monensin administration in drinking water resulted in less daily water intake (13.4 vs. 15.5 ml/mouse, p<0.01), less protein to DNA ratio of jejunal mucosa (5.41 vs. 6.01 mg/mg, p<0.05), lower villus width (88 vs. $100{\mu}m$, p<0.05), and less jejunal tissue $O_2$ consumption enhancement by alcohol (7.2 vs. 10.5%, p<0.01) in mice. Other than those changes, monensin had little (p>0.05) effect on variables measured in either line of mice or their reciprocal cross. In contrast, the M16 line, selected for rapid growth, as compared to the ICR controls or the reciprocal crosses, had less initial (pre-monensin treatment) whole-body $O_2$ consumption per gram of body weight (1.68 vs. $2.11-2.34{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}g$ BW, p<0.01) as compared to the ICR and reciprocal crosses. In addition, the M16 mice exhibited greater growth (412 vs. 137-210 mg/d, p<0.05), better feed efficiency (41.7 vs. 19.9-29.3 mg gain/g feed, p<0.05), shorter small intestines adjusted for fasted body weight (1.00 vs. 1.22-1.44 cm/g FBW, p<0.05), wider villi (109 vs. $87-93{\mu}m$, p<0.05), more mature height of enterocytes (28.8 vs. $24.4-25.1{\mu}m$, p<0.05) and a lower rate (91 vs. $133-145{\eta}mol\;glucose/min{\cdot}g$ jejunum, p<0.05) and less energetic efficiency (95 vs. $59-72{\eta}mol$ ATP expended/${\eta}mol$ glucose uptake, p<0.05) of glucose absorption compared to the ICR line and the reciprocal cross. Monensin had little (p>0.05) effect on whole-body $O_2$ consumption and jejunal function, whilst selection for rapid growth resulted in an apparent down-regulation of intestinal function. These data suggest that genetic selection for increased growth does not result in concomitant changes in intestinal function. This asynchrony in the selection for production traits and intestinal function may hinder full phenotypic expression of genotypic growth potential.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1816-1825
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• 2019

Objective: We tried to analyze allele-specific expression in the pig neocortex using bioinformatic analysis of high-throughput sequencing results from the parental genomes and offspring transcriptomes from reciprocal crosses between Korean Native and Landrace pigs. Methods: We carried out sequencing of parental genomes and offspring transcriptomes using next generation sequencing. We subsequently carried out genome scale identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two different ways using either individual genome mapping or joint genome mapping of the same breed parents that were used for the reciprocal crosses. Using parent-specific SNPs, allele-specifically expressed genes were analyzed. Results: Because of the low genome coverage (${\sim}4{\times}$) of the sequencing results, most SNPs were non-informative for parental lineage determination of the expressed alleles in the offspring and were thus excluded from our analysis. Consequently, 436 SNPs covering 336 genes were applicable to measure the imbalanced expression of paternal alleles in the offspring. By calculating the read ratios of parental alleles in the offspring, we identified seven genes showing allele-biased expression (p<0.05) including three previously reported and four newly identified genes in this study. Conclusion: The newly identified allele-specifically expressing genes in the neocortex of pigs should contribute to improving our knowledge on genomic imprinting in pigs. To our knowledge, this is the first study of allelic imbalance using high throughput analysis of both parental genomes and offspring transcriptomes of the reciprocal cross in outbred animals. Our study also showed the effect of the number of informative animals on the genome level investigation of allele-specific expression using RNA-seq analysis in livestock species.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.675-682
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• 2002

In this study, we develop the statistical analysis program for genetic analysis of diallel crosses data by SAS/MACRO, SAS/IML. Genetic analysis is to estimate of genetics parameters and heredity with reciprocal cross and without reciprocal cross. Statistical analysis program solve the problem of the difficulties on the data analysis in field denetics and breeding Therefore the user whoever want to analysis of data on genetics and breeding easily conduct the work saving time and suffering.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.4
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• pp.114-118
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• 1986

The study was conducted to find out the gene effects on litter size and birth weights in mice with 362 progenies from full-diallel crosses of four lines of BALB/c, CBA, C3H and C57BL. The progenies were farrowed at the Experimental Animal Farm, College of Agriculture, Kyungpook National University in November, 1984, and data were analyzed into general combining ability, specific combining ability and reciprocal effects with Griffing's model. General combining ability effects estimated in line-crosses were -0.4163~0.3337 for litter size and -0.0356~0.0894 for birth weights. However, no significant differences were observed in general combining ability effects on litter size and birth weights. Specific combining ability effects estimated in line-crosses were -1.0388~1.7913 for litter size and -0.1144~0.1343 for birth weights. However, the specific combining ability effects for litter size and birth weights appeared to be insignificant. The reciprocal effects, which appeared to be significant, were -2.26 from BALB/c ${\times}$ C3H, 1.84 from CBA ${\times}$ C57BL and -1.50 from BALB/c ${\times}$ CBA for litter size. For birth weights, the reciprocal effects were estimated -0.26 from CBA ${\times}$ C57BL, 0.15 from BALB/c ${\times}$ CBA and -0.15 from BALB/c ${\times}$ C57BL.