• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2024

Coarticulation is affected by the continuous movement of the articulator within a limited time and space through the neighboring segments and various overlaps. This study investigated the differences in coarticulation characteristics of children with reading disabilities and nondisabled children in CVC and VCV syllables consisted of stops, affricates, and vowels (a, i, u). The subjects were 13 children with reading disabilities and nondisabled children in the 2nd to 6th grades in elementary school. Two second formants were measured. One was measured at the point where the vowel began, and the other was measured at the mid point of the vowel stable section. Regression analysis was performed with F2 onset and F2 of the following vowel to obtain the locus equation (LE). 3-way ANOVA was conducted to the slope of the LE according to the groups (reading disabilities vs. nondisabled), places of articulation, and phonation types. In CVC syllable, dyslexic children showed a flatter slope than nondisabled children. With respect to the places of articulation, velar or bilabial sounds showed steeper LE slope than alveolar or palatal sounds. There were no main effects regarding group and phonation types variable for VCV syllable, and the significant differences in the places of articulation were also differed from the results for the CVC syllables. This study confirmed that dyslexic children showed a different pattern of coarticulation slope depending on the syllable structure. We also found that the higher pause rate of the dyslexic children had a stronger effect on the coarticulation in VCV structures.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.205-224
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• 2024

The reading processes of Chinese-Korean bilinguals, who have learned Korean as a foreign language, are expected to show different eye movement patterns compared to native Korean speakers. Moreover, these bilinguals may utilize knowledge similar to Chinese in processing Korean word meanings, especially for Sino-Korean words that share semantic relationships with Chinese, potentially processing them faster than native Korean words. This study observed whether Chinese-Korean bilinguals show the word frequency effect typically observed in Korean native speaker reading during Korean sentence reading. Additionally, eye-tracking experiments were conducted under conditions distinguishing between native Korean words and Sino-Korean words to investigate whether there is an advantage in processing Sino-Korean words. The results of the experiments showed that Chinese-Korean bilinguals did not show the same frequency effects as native Korean speakers, and they showed shorter response times in the Sino-Korean condition compared to the native Korean condition. Based on these findings, it is suggested that Chinese-Korean bilinguals, when learning Korean as a foreign language, employ strategies focused on meaning similarity akin to their native language vocabulary acquisition strategies, and they process Sino-Korean words faster than native Korean words, suggesting a potential advantage in learning and processing Sino-Korean vocabulary.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.92-103
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• 1989

This study was performed in order to produce the basic data for devising irrigation project and desalinization countermeasure through analyzing salt movement and desalinzation effects. The Desalinization experiments with water management practices were carried out, using the soil samples collected in New Manguem tideland. The changes of electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage, pH and hydraulic conductivity during the desalinization experiments, and the correlations between various factors influencing desalinization, were analyzed by the statistical method. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows: 1. The sample soils used in this study were salin-sotlic soils with the high electrical conductivity and the high exchangeable sodium percentage, and the soil texture was silt loam. 2. A large amount of the soluble salts was removed in the begining of desalinization experiments. The initial electrical conductivity and the initial exchangeable sodium percentage decreased considerably in the beginning, and were gradually slow in the rate of decrease 3. The value of pH showed a tendency to increase during the desalinization and were little by little slow in the rate of increase, and could be estimated by the regression equation. 4. The initial hydraulic conductivity were raised greatly with gypsum treatment and the penmeability was maintained adequately, The hydraulic conductivity and the leaching time elapsed during the desalinization could be estimated by the regression equation. 5. The water requirement for desalinization with various water management practices could be estimated for a given electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage, and pH reading respectively.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2009

In early 1970s, Electronic Manometers were researched and developed for modernization and objectification of pulse diagnosis. Method of finger pressing, also known as cuffs pressing, is essential for sensing a pulse wave. I think comprehension and deduction of problem from the existing Hi-soo type electronic manometer, will be important for making a better one. The Hi-soo type electronic manometer is constructed of cuff pressing type sensor, differential amplifier, transmitter and recorder. Pulse movement and pulse wave, gauging blood flow, is analyzed by pulse image of "Yixuerumen(醫學入門)". At standard of pulse wave, huanmai(緩脈) is distinguish from chishu(slow and fast, 遲數), fushen(float and sink, 浮沈), interference wave, modificated wave, and phase angel. The Hi-soo type electronic manometer had no explanation of formational mechanism, significantly different with pulse wave which is early known and reported. The strength of Hi-soo type electric manometer is use of cuff pressing type sensor. Above all, the importance of electric manometer is reading the pulse movement accurately then expressing it as pulse wave. From now on the improvement of precise sensor should make a progress.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.372-375
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• 2006

The MSC is a high resolution multi-spectral camera system which is mounted on the KOMPSAT-II satellite. The electro-optic camera system has a refocusing mechanism which can be used in-orbit by ground commands. By adjusting locations of some elements in optics, the system can be focused precisely. The focus mechanism in MSC is implemented with stepper motor and potentiometer. By reading the value of the potentiometer, rough position of the motor can be understood. The exact location of the motor can not be acquired because the information from the potentiometer can not be so accurate. However, before and after certain events of the satellite, like a satellite launch, the direction of the movement or order of the magnitude of the movement can be understood. In this paper, the trend analysis of the focus motor position during the ground test phase is introduced. This result can be used as basic information for the focus calibration after launch. By studying the long term trend, deviation from the best focal point can be understood. The positions of the focus motors after launch are also compared.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.593-617
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• 2013

Tales from Shakespeare, written by Charles and Mary Lamb in 1807, is an adaptation of Shakespeare's plays which was intended for children. Shakespeare's poetic language is transmitted into prose, which enables children to easily read his works. Charles and Mary Lamb collaborated in adapting Shakespeare's plays, but they undertook separate duties which revealed different attitudes in their approach to the adaptation. This dissertation examines Mary Lamb's adaption of Shakespeare's problem play All's Well That Ends Well and Charles Lamb's adaption of Shakespeare' tragedy King Lear, with an adapted pattern focusing on the plot and character. Charles Lamb stressed the "imagination of a fairy tale," which was against the trend in children's literature of the time, while Mary Lamb stressed "the moral and didactic element." Mary Lamb was concerned with the education of female children in the early nineteenth-century. As a result, the Tales presents "a double movement" or perspective, which stresses didactic elements, as well as imagination. These ambivalent attitudes caused critical debates in the nineteenth-century. However, the Lambs defended criticism against "the double movement," suspecting themselves to be "no bigger than a child," from the viewpoint of "the imagination," and reading the Tales to be effective at "making a child a virtuous man," from the viewpoint of "an education."

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.258-276
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• 2022

The historical aspects, policies, institutions, awards and measurement results of scientific literacy and scientific culture development in Indonesia have currently attracted further exploration. This paper utilizes secondary data research, further analyzed by employing the Supplementary Analysis technique. The results revealed that the tradition of writing and publishing scientific journals in Indonesia has existed ever since the Dutch East Indies with the journal's publication entitled 'Natuurkundig tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië' in 1850. To date, Indonesia has owned 5,990 nationally accredited journals. Policy support has been provided at the national and regional levels, despite limitations in cultivating literacy and reading habit. From the institutional perspective, Indonesia provides a wide array of public support, including the effort of the Ministry of Education and Culture for advocating the national literacy movement and the availability of a reference database and scientific access established by the National Library; the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, and the Ministry of Research and Technology. Similarly, in the award-related perspective, the Indonesia government has granted awards to individuals or groups and local governments engaging in the cultivation of scientific literacy and scientific culture. However, among the global measurements for literacy development in Indonesia (in 2020) recorded that three indicators scored less than those in 2019.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.65.1-65
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• 2003

In addition to the five well-characterized genes of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), this virus contains a sixth open reading frame (ORF6) that encodes a 4.8 kDa protein. TMV ORF6 overlaps the ORFs encoding the 30 kDa movement protein and the adjacent 17.5 kDa capsid protein. Although the 4.8 kDa protein could not be detected in vivo, alteration of the AUG codons of this ORF resulted in a mutant virus that attenuated the virulence of the mutated TMV in Nicotiana benthamiana, but not N. tabacum (tobacco). These sequence changes did not affect either the replication or movement of the mutated TMV. Expression of TMV ORF6 from the virus expression vector Potato virus X (PVX) intensified the virulence of this virus in N. benthmiana, but not tobacco, while expression of TMV ORF6 from the virus expression vector Tobacco rattle virus enhanced the pathogenicity observed in both N. benthamima and tobacco. Thus, the TMV ORF6 is a host- and virus-specific. virulence factor. However, two separate assays indicated that the TMV 4.8 kDa protein was not a suppression of RNA silencing. A fusion protein formed between the TMV 4.8 kDa protein and the green fluorescent protein was expressed from the PVX vector and localized to plasmodesmata. Possible roles of the 4.8 kDa protein in pathogenicity will be discussed

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.45-64
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to understand the direction of the community reading campaign in the U.S.A. known as 'One Book, One City' reflected in the books selected for this campaign for the past 20 years in terms of their classification numbers, subject headings, publication dates, and genres. Analyzed are the author and state lists of 'One Book, One City' Reading Promotions Projects available from the website of the LC (Library of Congress) Center for the Books, and bibliographic records of 735 books selected in only one 'One Book' program, accessed from LC OPAC. Major findings include continuing influences of the all-time favorite 'One Book' selections, including To Kill a Mockingbird and the extension of their span of life through The Big Read, preference for the recent publications, importance of P (Literatures and Languages) Class (530 titles, 72.1%) and PS(American Literatures) subclass (307 titles, 57.9%) in the LC Classification Scheme, distribution of books in 43 genres, including domestic fiction, historical fiction, and psychological fiction, etc., the use of 535 unique LC subject headings and much interests in "City and town life" (10 titles) and "World War, 1939-1945" (8 titles), and prominence of subject groups which begin with "African American..." and "Woman..." out of 96 groups of subject headings. It is found that the subjects and focus of the selected books expand from integration, understanding, integrity to human rights, environment, peace, etc. The limitations of this study is that the influence of the selected books and the changes in communities are not properly analyed.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.153-161
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• 2013

Recently, there has been a tremendous increase in the availability of educational materials for foreign language learning. As part of this trend, there has been an increase in the amount of electronically mediated materials available. However, conventional educational contents developed using computer technology has provided typically one-way information, which is not the most helpful thing for users. Providing the user's convenience requires additional off-line analysis for diagnosing an individual user's learning. To improve the user's comprehension of texts written in a foreign language, we propose an intelligent learning tool based on the analysis of the user's eyeball movements, which is able to diagnose and improve foreign language reading ability by providing necessary supplementary aid just when it is needed. To determine the user's learning state, we correlate their eye movements with findings from research in cognitive psychology and neurophysiology. Based on this, the learning tool can distinguish whether users know or do not know words when they are reading foreign language sentences. If the learning tool judges a word to be unknown, it immediately provides the student with the meaning of the word by extracting it from an on-line dictionary. The proposed model provides a tool which empowers independent learning and makes access to the meanings of unknown words automatic. In this way, it can enhance a user's reading achievement as well as satisfaction with text comprehension in a foreign language.