• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.585-589
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• 2009

Extruder is divided to greatly three part at extrusion process. First, by hopper(Hopper) second, barrel(Barrel) with Screw that is point of extruder and third that is raw material supply wealth extrusion into dies(DIES) Part that decide shape of do product greatly divide. Hopper is role that distribute in raw material supply wealth (Feeding zone) of Screw preserving raw material in state of high quality how at extrusion process, and make distributed raw material as Screw in barrel rotates and 3 stage and inflicting heat and pressure raw material melting(Melting) state. And raw material of melting state Screw's measuring stoker(Metering zone) whereabouts anaphora do and product is completed through pipe channel of dies. Dies that is the most important as Screw in extrusion is part that is last part of melting state process of raw material and causes huge effect in quality of product. If more than design of dies happens, manufacture itself of dies is hard, but there are a lot of amount of losses accordingly. In this research, make pipe channel that raw material of melting state flows in dies can present dies basic design method through flow analysis of ideal pipe channel using CFdesign.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.166-172
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• 1997

Aspergillus niger was selected as a strain producing the potent raw starch hydorlyzing enzyme. These experiments were conducted to investigate the conditions of the glucoa- mylase production, the purification of the enzyme, some characteristics of the purified enzyme and hydrolysis rate on various raw starches such as com, rice, potato, glutinous rice, sweet potato, wheat and barley. The optimum cultural temperature and time for the enzyme production on wheat bran medium were $30^{\circ}C$ and 96hrs, respectively. The respective addition of yeast extract and nutrient broth on wheat bran medium increased slightly the enzyme production. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 30.7u/mg-protein and the yield of enzyme activity was 25.8%. The purified enzyme showed a single band on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and its molecular weight was estimated to be 56,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point for the purified enzyme was pH3.7. The optimum temperature and pH were $65^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.0, respectively. The purified enzyme was stable in the pH range of pH 3.0-9.5 and below $45^{\circ}C$, and its thermal stability was slightly increased by the addition of $Ca^{2+}$. The purified enzyme was activated by $Co^{2+},\;Sr^{2+},\;Mn^{2+},\;Fe^{2+},\;Cu^{2+}$. Raw rice starch, raw corn starch, raw glutinous rice starch, raw sweet potato starch, raw wheat starch and raw barley starch showed more than 90% hydrolysis rate in 48hrs incubation. Even raw potato starch, most difficult to be hydrolyzed, showed 80% hydrolysis rate. The purified enzyme was identified as glucoamylase.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 1995

The effect of milling on the nutrients of raw and parboiled rice grain samples was investigated. Parboiling treatments of choo chung paddy decreased head rice yields and pressure parboiling proved to be more beneficial in reducing white belly rice. Except PP sample mean length/width ratio of parboiled milled rice kernels(8% milling degree) were more larger than raw milled rice and the extent depended on severity of parboil heat treatment. Parboiling had no effect on the protein content of browm rice(0% milling degree) but increased in 4%, 8% milling degree and in PL40 sample. Parboiled rice had a lower fat and the extent depended on degree of milling. Ash content of parboiled brown rice decreasd compared to raw brown rice and generally decreased according to milling degrees were high. Nevertheless, PP, PT40 and PL40 parboiled milled rice samples(0% milling degree) contained more ash than raw milled rice. Parboiling increased total sugar and reducing sugar and increased according to milling degrees were high. Parboiled rice had a high reducing sugar content than raw rice except for PT sample, and more contained as higher milling degree. Total amino acid content of parboiled brown rice increased compared to raw brown rice except for PL40 sample. Parboiled rice of 4% milling degree had a lower total amino acid content and then 8% milling degree had a higher than raw rice. Ca content of parboiled rice was lower than raw rice and tended to have lower as milling degree were high. Parboiled rice of 0 and 4% milling degree had a lower Fe content degree but higher in 8% milling degree. PP and PT40 samples contained more Fe than any other parboiled rice. Parboiled milled rice contained more thiamin than raw milled rice. Rice of milling degree 6% and PL sample contained most thiamin.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.730-736
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• 2013

This study was to establish irradiation process for serving ginseng chicken porridge to immune-compromised patients. Raw chicken, glutinous rice, ginseng, garlic, dried jujube and carrot were used as raw materials for ginseng chicken porridge. The initial level of microorganisms contaminated in raw materials and their predominant species were determined. The level of microorganism detected in raw chicken and in ginseng were 3.4 Log CFU/g and 4.7 Log CFU/g, respectively. Major predominant microorganisms were Pseudomonas fragi in chicken, Enterobactor faecalis in carrot, and Bacillus subtilis in other materials. Chicken and carrot were excluded from irradiation treatment because ordinary thermal treatment can inactivate the microorganisms contaminated in those materials. Five kGy of gamma ray was the effective sterilizing dose required to inactivate B. subtilis in glutinous rice, garlic and jujube, and 10 kGy in ginseng. Ginseng chicken porridge was prepared with each of raw materials gamma-irradiated with the selected sterilizing doses. Control was ginseng chicken porridge prepared with non-irradiated materials. The growth of microorganisms was not observed in the chicken porridge prepared with irradiated raw materials. Sensory results showed that the score of flavor and off-flavor was slightly lower in ginseng chicken porridge prepared with irradiated raw materials than in control. This was considered to be due to the increase of TBARS values by gamma irradiation. However, there was no significant difference on overall acceptance between the porridge prepared with irradiated raw materials and control. The results showed that the individual gamma irradiation of raw materials can be applied to prepare ginseng chicken porridge as meals for the immunocompromised patients.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.398-402
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• 1984

Rhizopus oryzae 가 생산(生産)하는 glucoamylase 의 각종기질(各種基質)에 대(對)한 분해반응(分解反應)을 검토(檢討)하였다. Glucoamylase I 과 II 는 amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, 가용성 전분, pullulan, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetriose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, maltooctaose를 가수분해(加水分解)하였으나, ${\alpha}-cyclodextrin$, ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$, sucrose, raffinose, 젖당은 가수분해(加水分解)하지 못하였다. $37^{\circ}C$, 32시간(時間)의 반응(反應)에서 glucoamylase I 은 amylopectin, 가용성 전분, amylose를 거의 100% 분해하였고 glycogen 만을 88%정도 분해 하였으나, glucoamylase II 는 공시기질(供試基質) 4 종(種)을 거의 100% 분해하였다. Glucoamylase I 과 II 의 반응생성물질(反應生成物質)은 glucose 만이었고 ${\alpha}-glucosyltransferase$ activity는 없었다. Glucoamylase I 과 II 는 생찹쌀 전분을 가장 잘 분해(分解)시키나 생감자 전분, 생미숙 바나나 전분, 생칡 전분, 생참마 전분, raw high amylose corn starch의 분해능(分解能)은 glucoamyase I 에 비(比)하여 생전분(生澱粉)의 분해력(分解力)이 강(强)하였다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.256-263
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• 2019

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated macrophages (RAW 264.7 murine cell line) to JCE003 which is an extract including Eucommia ulmoides, Juglans regia, Eleutherococcus senticosus, and Zingiber officinale. Methods: An MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay was performed to analyze the survival rate of RAW 264.7 cells. The production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6) were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results: Exposure of LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells to JCE003 was not cytotoxic up to $400{\mu}g/mL$, but cell survival was statistically significantly decreased at $800{\mu}g/mL$ (p < 0.001). Nitric oxide production was not markedly lowered in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells by exposure to JCE003 (10, 50, 100, 200, 400, $800{\mu}l/mL$) compared with the Control group. In addition, JCE003 reduced the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells at $400{\mu}g/mL$ (p < 0.05), but IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells was decreased at 100, 200, and $400{\mu}g/mL$ JCE003 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: These results suggest that JCE003 inhibited the expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The findings of this study provide basic data for the development of new Korean medicine anti-inflammatory drugs.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of Sparassis crispa (SC). SC is a well-known traditional herbal remedy and its mushroom is used for treatment of inflammation. Many diseases that are increasing recently have characteristics of inflammatory diseases. Researchers are finding bioactive substances from natural products that can promote treatment and prevention of inflammation. We investigated the effect of water extracted from SC on the expression of effector genes involved in the function of RAW 264.7 cells. Methods : Effects of RAW 264.7 cells on cell viability, antioxidation, and mRNA expression were examined using water extracts from SC. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay was performed to determine the effect of water extracts from SC on cell viability in RAW 264.7 cells. Inflammation of RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment and expression levels of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, iNOS and IL-1β gene were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Results : The MTS assay was performed on RAW 264.7 cells after treatment with various concentrations of water extracts of SC. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with water extracts from SC and LPS at a concentration of 0.125, 0.5 mg/㎖ for twenty four hours promoted mRNA expression of TNF-α, iNOS and IL-1β. Conclusion : MTS assay was applied to RAW 264.7 cells after various concentrations of water extracts of SC. Through experimental demonstration of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of water extracts from SC, we suggest that SC is a valuable material for the prevention and treatment of various inflammatory diseases.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein (BA) on the production of hydrogen peroxide in peptidoglycan-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Methods : Peptidoglycan-stimulated RAW 264.7 were incubated with baicalein at concentrations of 50 and 100 µM. Incubation time is 30 min, 2 h, 12 h, and 18 h. After incubation, The production of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 was measured with dihydrorhodamine 123 assay. Berberine and gallic acid were used as the comparative materials. Results : BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM did not show cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 for 24 h incubation. For 30 min, 2 h, 12 h, and 18 h incubation, BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM significantly inhibited the production of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 stimulated by peptidoglycan (p<0.05). In details, production of hydrogen peroxide in peptidoglycan-stimulated RAW 264.7 treated for 30 min with BA at concentrations of 50 and 100 µM was 93.91% and 93.52% of the control group treated with peptidoglycan only, respectively; the production of hydrogen peroxide for 2 h was 93.8% and 92.71%, respectively; production of hydrogen peroxide for 12 h was 94.86% and 95.93%, respectively; production of hydrogen peroxide for 18 h was 95.37% and 96.48%, respectively. Conclusions : BA might have anti-oxidative activity related to its inhibition of hydrogen peroxide production in peptidoglycan-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2017

Objective : According to recent studies, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma has anti-inflammatory activities of DW extract, but it hasn't not yet conducted to evaluate inflammatory factors about 80% ethanol extract. Therefore, The aim of this study is to investigate the various effects of individual or combined 80% ethanol extract of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma on cell viability and various anti-inflammatory factors. Methods : Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extract was prepared with 80% ethanol. MTT assay, ELISA, and Luminex were performed in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cell line to measure cytotoxicity, Nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$), Leukotriene B4 ($LTB_4$), and cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$), respectively. Results : At concentration of $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extract, cytotoxicity was observed in RAW 264.7 cells. However, at concentration less than $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, cytotoxicity was not observed in RAW 264.7 cells. All concentration of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extract showed no difference of NO, and $IL-1{\beta}$level in RAW 264.7 cells compared with control group. In contrast, at concentration of $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extract significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of COX-2, PGE2, and $LTB_4$ level in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells was significantly decreased at concentration of all or 10, and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively. Conclusion : These findings demonstrate that Anemarrhenae Rhizoma has inhibitory effect on inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells showing possible developed as a raw material for new therapeutics to ease the symptoms related with inflammatory.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2022

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Baicalein (BA) on the production of hydrogen peroxide in lipoteichoic acid-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Methods : Lipoteichoic acid-stressed RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were incubated with baicalein at concentrations of 50 and 100 µM. Incubation time is 30 minutes, 2 h, 12 h, and 18 h. After incubation, The production of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages was measured with dihydrorhodamine 123 assay. Streptococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid and Streptococcus pyogenes lipoteichoic acid were used as cell-stimulating lipoteichoic acid. Cell viabilities were measured with a modified MTT assay. Berberine, indomethacin, and gallic acid were incubated for the same time as the comparative materials. Results : BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM did not show cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages for 24 h incubation. For 30 minutes, 2 h, 12 h, and 18 h incubation, BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM significantly inhibited the production of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages stimulated by Streptococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid (p < 0.05); also, BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM also inhibited the productions of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages stimulated by Streptococcus pyogenes lipoteichoic acid significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions : BA might have anti-bacterial activity related to its inhibition of hydrogen peroxide production in lipoteichoic acid-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages.