• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2002

$SrZr_{1-x}Y_xO_{3-\delta}$(x=0.05, 0.10)-금속전극 계에서 임피던스법과 d.c.법으로 전기전도도를 측정함으로써 고체전해질 및 전극전도도를 고찰하였다. 고체전해질과 anode를 통한 전기전도도는 $P_W^{1/2}$(PW는 수증기분압)에 의존하여 증가함을 보였다. Cathode 전도도는 $P_{O2}^{1/4}$에 비례함을 보였으며, 수증기분압 증가와 함께 감소하여 고체전해질내의 전자 결함의 농도와 함께 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 수소분위기에서는 수증기의 첨가가 anode와 cathode 두 방향의 전극반응 속도 모두를 촉진하였다. 도펀트 첨가량이 5%에서 10%로 증가될 때 anode와 고체전해질의 전기전도도가 3배 이상 크게 증가하여 유효 산소이온공공의 농도가 급격히 증가함을 알 수 있었다. Pt와 Ag전극을 통한 cathode 전도도의 활성화에너지가 거의 같은 값을 나타냈으며 이는 cathode반응의 속도가 금속전극이 아니라 고체전해질표면에서 일어나는 반응에 의하여 결정되는 것으로 해석되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.732-736
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• 2016

공조시스템을 구성하는 핵심 부품들의 설계 방향은 효율 향상 및 고생산성 측면을 둘 다 고려하는 것이다. 이러한 핵심부품 중의 하나인 팽창장치는 증발 부하, 압축 용량 및 응축 능력에 따라 냉매의 유량을 조절한다. 본 연구에서는 자동차용 공조시스템을 대상으로 하여 현 냉매인 R134a와 더불어 향후 대체냉매의 하나인 고압 $CO_2$의 사용이 가능한 겸용 전자팽창밸브가 개발되었다. 이 전자팽창밸브는 저 비용 및 고 생산성을 위해 기존 방식과는 달리 편심형 캠구동 방식이 채택되었다. 고안된 설계안을 바탕으로 수치해석을 이용하여 고압 조건에서의 내압성능과 밸브 개도에 따른 유량성능을 각각 평가하였다. 최대작동 압력 조건에서 98MPa의 최대응력을 보이며 탄성영역 이내의 변형을 나타내었다. 파괴압력 조건에서는 233 MPa의 최대응력을 보여 소성변형이 일어나지만 파괴가 일어나지 않는 것으로 예측되었다. 밸브 개도에 따라 유량이 증가하며, $CO_2$ 냉매와 R134a 냉매 적용시 각각 550 kg/h, 386 kg/h의 최대 유량을 나타내었다. 또한 R134a에 대한 내압 및 유량성능실험은 해석결과와 비교적 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제1호
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• pp.371-408
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• 1997

This article is the reserch on actual condition of crime of arson which occurs in Korea and its countermeasures. The the presented problem in this article are that (1) we have generally very low rate concern about the crime of arson contrary to realistic problems of rapid increase of crime of arson (2) as such criminal motives became so diverse as to the economic or criminal purpose unlike characteristic and mental deficiency of old days, and to countermeasure these problems effectively it presentation the necessity of systemantic research. Based on analysis of reality of arson, the tendency of this arson in Korea in the ratio of increase is said to be higher than those in violence crime or general fire rate. and further its rate is far more greater than those of the U.S.A. and Japan. Arson is considered to be a method of using fire as crime and in case of presently residence to be the abject, it is a public offense crime which aqccompany fatality in human life. This is the well It now fact to all of us. And further in order to presentation to the crime of arson, strictness of criminal law (criminal law No, 164 and 169, and fire protection law No. 110 and 111) and classification of arsonist as felony are institutionary reinforced to punish with certainty of possibility, Therefore, as tendency of arson has been increased compared to other nations, it is necessary to supplement strategical policy to bring out overall concerns of the seriousness of risk and damage of arson, which have been resulted from the lack of understanding. In characteristics analysis of crime of arson, (1) It is now reveald that, in the past such crime rate appeared far more within the boundary of town or city areas in the past, presently increased rate of arsons in rural areas are far more than in the town or small city areas, thereby showing characteristics of crime of arson extending nation wide. (2) general timetable of arson shows that night more than day time rate, and reveald that is trait behavior in secrecy.(3) arsonists are usually arrested at site or by victim or report of third person(82,9%).Investigation activities or self surrenders rate only 11.2%. The time span of arrest is normally the same day of arson and at times it takes more than one year to arrest. This reveals its necessity to prepare for long period of time for arrest, (4) age rate of arson is in their thirties mostly as compared to homicide, robbery and adultery, and considerable numbers of arsons are in old age of over fifties. It reveals age rate is increased (5) Over half of the arsonists are below the junior high school (6) the rate of convicts by thier records is based on first offenders primarily and secondly more than 4 time convicts. This apparently shows necessity of effective correctional education policy for their social assimilation together with re-investigation of human education at the primary and secondary education system in thier life. The examples of motivation for arosnits, such as personal animosity, fury, monetary swindle, luscious purpose and other aims of destroying of proof, and other social resistance, violence including ways of threatening, beside the motives of individual defects, are diverse and arsonic suicide and specifically suicidal accompany together keenly manifested. When we take this fact with the criminal theory, it really reveals arsons of crime are increasing and its casualities are serious and a point as a way of suicide is the anomie theory of Durkheim and comensurate with the theory of that of Merton, Specifically in the arson of industrial complex, it is revealed that one with revolutionary motive or revolting motive would do the arsonic act. For the policy of prevention of arsons, professional research work in organizational cooperation for preventive activities is conducted in municipal or city wise functions in the name of Parson Taskforces and beside a variety of research institutes in federal government have been operating effectively to countermeasure in many fields of research. Franch and Sweden beside the U.S. set up a overall operation of fire prevention research funtions and have obtained very successful result. Japan also put their research likewise for countermeasure. In this research as a way of preventive fire policy, first, it is necessary to accomodate the legal preventitive activities for fire prevention in judicial side and as an administrative side, (1) precise statistic management of crime of arson (2) establishment of professional research functions or a corporate (3) improvement of system for cooperative structural team for investigation of fires and menpower organization of professional members. Secondly, social mentality in individual prospect, recognition of fires by arson and youth education of such effect, educational program for development and practical promotion. Thirdly, in view of environmental side, the ways of actual performance by programming with the establishment of cooperative advancement in local social function elements with administrative office, habitants, school facilities and newspapers measures (2) establishment of personal protection where weak menpowers are displayed in special fire prevention measures. These measures are presented for prevention of crime of arson. The control of crime and prevention shall be prepared as a means of self defence by the principle of self responsibility Specifically arsonists usually aims at the comparatively weak control of fire prevention is prevalent and it is therefore necessary to prepare individual facilities with their spontaneous management of fire prevention instead of public municipal funtures of local geverment. As Clifford L. Karchmer asserted instead of concerns about who would commit arson, what portion of area would be the target of the arson. It is effective to minister spontaveously the fire prevention measure in his facility with the consideration of characteristics of arson. On the other hand, it is necessary for the concerned personnel of local goverment and groups to distribute to the local society in timely manner for new information about the fire prevention, thus contribute to effective result of fire prevention result. In consideration of these factors, it is inevitable to never let coincide with the phemonemon of arsons in similar or mimic features as recognized that these could prevail just an epedemic as a strong imitational attitude. In processing of policy to encounter these problems, it is necessary to place priority of city policy to enhancement of overall concerns toward the definitive essense of crime of arson.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2005

메타카올린은 고성능 콘크리트를 제조하기 위해 콘크리트에 혼합재로서 사용되는 결합재의 일종이다. 이 재료는 일반적으로 국내에서는 내화벽돌의 재료로 많이 사용되었으나, 현재는 이러한 고성능 콘크리트를 제조하기 위하여 필요한 실리카흄의 대용으로 사용되어지고 있다. 본 연구는 실리카흄 및 메타카올린 두 결합재를 콘크리트 중에 일정량 치환하여 몰르타르 및 콘크리트의 압축강도, 인장강도, 휨강도와 같은 역학적 시험뿐만 아니라, 염소이온확산시험, 화학침식에 대한 저항성 시험, 동결융해저항성 시험과 같은 내구성시험을 병행 실시하였다. 역학적 시험결과 메타카올린을 결합재전체 대비 10에서 15%정도 치환 사용했을 때 가장 적당한 강도결과를 보였다. 그리고, 메타카올린 및 실리카흄 두 결합재의 치환율이 증가할수록 염소이온확산이 훨씬 줄어드는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고, 두 결합재의 미세분말에 의한 충전효과에 의해 일반 콘크리트에 비해 화학적침식저항성이 훨씬 뛰어남을 보였다. 다른 내구성 시험에서도 메타카올린을 사용한 콘크리트가 실리카흄을 사용한 콘크리트에 상응하는 상당한 역학적, 내구특성을 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, 이들 시험을 통해 우리는 메타카올린이라는 재료가 충분히 고가의 실리카흄을 대체가능할 수 있을 것이라고 판단할 수 있었다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.595-605
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• 2000

Dental ceramics have good aesthetics, biocompatibility, low thermal conductivity, abrasion resistance, and color stability. However poor resistance to fracture and shrinkage during firing process have been limiting factors in their use, particularly in multiunit ceramic restorations. A new method for making all-ceramic crowns that have high strength and low processing shrinkage has been developed and is referred to as the Vita In-Ceram method. This study was performed to investigate the effect of $CeO_2$ addition in borosilicate glasses on the strength of alumina-glass composites. Porous alumina compacts were prepared by slip casting and sintered at $1,100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Dense composites were made by infiltration of molten glass into partially sintered alumina at $1,140^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. Specimens were polished sequentially from #800 to #2000 diamond disk. and the final surface finishing on the tensile side was received an additional polishing sequence through $1{\mu}m$ diamond paste. Biaxial flexure test was conducted by using ball-on-three-ball method at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. To examine the microstructural aspect of crack propagation in the alumina-glass composites, Vickers-produced indentation crack was made on the tensile surface at a load of 98.0 N and dwell time of 15 sec, and the radial crack patterns were examined by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The porosity rates of partially sintered alumina decreased with the rising of firing temperature. 2. The maximum biaxial flexure strength of 423.5MPa in alumina-glass composites was obtained with an addition of 3 mol% $CeO_2$ in glass composition and strength values showed the aspect of decrease with the increase of $CeO_2$ content. 3 The biaxial flexure strength values of alumina-glass composites were decreased with rising the firing temperature. 4. Observation of the fracture surfaces of alumina-glass composites indicated that the enhancement of strength in alumina-glass composites was due to the frictional or geometrical inter-locking of rough fracture surfaces and ligamentary bridging by intact islands of materials left behind the fracture front.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.907-915
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• 2019

This study aims to identify the most tolerant species under salinity stress from amongst Asteraceae and Poaceae. The seeds of six species were exposed to different concentrations of $CaCl_2$ (0, 9, 18, 45, 90 mM) and NaCl (0, 17, 34, 85, 170 mM), and germination was measured once every two days. The results indicated that percent germination of the six species of Asteraceae and Poaceae seeds were affected differently by changes in salinity concentration. Seed germination was reduced as salinity levels increase, and longer mean germination times correlated to lower percent germination and earlier germination cessation. Both Asteraceae and Poaceae seeds had the highest germination rates at 18 mM $CaCl_2$ and 34 mM NaCl, and seed germination and growth were severely reduced at salinities greater than 90 mM $CaCl_2$ and 170 mM NaCl. In the seeds of Poaceae, salt resistance was strong in the order of Miscanthus sinensis Andersson, Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng., and Phragmites communis Trin. In the seeds of Asteraceae, salt resistance was strong in the order of Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitam, Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda, and Dendranthema boreale (Makino) Ling ex Kitam.. Overall, the germination rate was higher in Asteraceae than in Poaceae. This study demonstrated that Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitam. is the most tolerant species and that a relationship exists between the salt tolerance of percent germination and the mean germination time in the leaves.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.852-858
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• 2008

연자육 분말의 첨가량에 따른 식빵 반죽의 물리적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 연자육 분말을 첨가한 반죽의 팽창력, ferinogram, amylogram, extensogram, 반죽의 pH와 식빵의 외관 등을 조사하였다. 연자육 분말의 일반성분 함량은 수분 7.74%, 조단백질 20.15%, 조지방 2.11%, 조회분 4.34%, 조섬유소 2.78%이였다. 반죽의 팽창력 결과 대조구에 비해 연자육 분말 첨가구가 팽창력이 좋았으며, 반죽의 farinogram 특성은 연자육 분말 첨가량이 증가할 수 록 흡수율이 다소 증가하였고, 반죽도달시간은 대조구에 비해 다소 짧아졌다. 연자육 분말 첨가량의 증가에 따라 반죽형성 시간과 안정도는 짧아졌고 연화도는 커지는 경향을 보였다. Amylogram의 호화특성에서 최고점도온도의 경우 연자육 분말 첨가구와 대조구가 같았으며, 연자육 분말 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 최고점도는 증가하였다. Extensogram 특성은 연자육 분말 첨가량이 증가할 수 록 신장도는 감소하였고, 저항도는 증가하였으며 이에 따라 R/E 값이 증가하였다. 반죽 후 대조구의 pH는 6.06이었고, 연자육 분말 첨가구의 pH는 $6.19{\sim}6.21$였다. 발효시간 경과에 따른 대조구의 pH는 서서히 낮아지는 경향을 보였으며, 연자육 분말 첨가구에서는 발효시간 90분까지는 서서히 낮아졌으나 90분 이후부터 pH가 급격히 낮아졌다. 이로써 연자육 분말의 첨가량이 식빵 제조용 반죽의 리올로지에 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인 되었다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.338-344
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• 2007

HI몰랄리티가 9.5 $mol/kg-H_2O$인 HI의 전해-전기투석을 시판의 양이온교환막(CMB)을 이용하여 요오드의 존재하에 실험을 진행하였다. 수소이온 투과의 선택성을 증가시키기 위해, 막은 전자선 가속기를 이용하여 방사선 처리하였다. 방사선 처리한 막의 막특성(막 저항, 이온교환용량, 함수율)을 측정하였다. 각각의 방사선량에서 처리한 막의 2 $mol/dm^3$의 KCl 용액에서 막저항, 이온교환용량과 함수율은 처리하지 않은 막과 거의 동등의 값을 가졌다. HI몰랄리티가 9.5 $mol/kg-H_2O$인 HI의 전해-전투기투석을 $75^{\circ}C$, 9.6 $A/dm^2$에서 진행하였다. 전자선 가속기에 의해 방사선 처리한 양이온교환막은 처리하지 않은 막과 비교하여 고분자의 가교구조와 함께 수소이온투과의 높은 선택성을 가졌다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.581-589
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• 2005

최근, 하 폐수 처리에 있어서 처리수의 보다 나은 수질과 엄격한 기준의 만족을 위해 기존의 공정외에 덧붙여 막분리 공정이 이용되고 있다. 그러나, 수처리 과정에서 막분리 공정의 사용은 막의 막힘 현상과 용존 유기오염물 제거의 어려움 등의 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 막분리 공정에 응집제 alum과 PAC을 이용한 응집공정을 첨가하여 막 투과유속과 처리효율을 증가시켰다. 그리고 응집제 주입효과와 최적운전조건은 투과유속, 누적부피, 막의 총저항, 입자크기, 용존성 유기오염물, 용존성 알루미늄, 처리수의 수질을 분석하여 연구하였다. alum 응집에 비교해 PAC 응집은 큰 입자를 형성하여 여과 매체의 막힘현상을 줄이고 높은 투과유속과 누적 부피량을 보였다. 또한 PAC 응집에서 낮은 용존 유기오염물과 용존성 알루미늄은 투과유속 감소율을 낮추었다. $0.2\;{\mu}m$ 막 사용시 케이크여과의 모습을 보였으며, $0.45\;{\mu}m$ 막 사용시 순환운전으로 인한 플럭 깨짐 현상으로 공극보다 작은 플럭의 투과가 발생하여 투과유속이 계속 감소하고 막의 총저항이 증가하는 모습을 보였다. PAC과 alum 모두 약 $300{\pm}50\;mg/L$가 최적 응집주입량이었으며, PAC 응집과 $0.2\;{\mu}m$ 막 사용시 처리 효율이 가장 높고, $0.45\;{\mu}m$ 막 사용시 투과수량이 가장 많았다. 처리 효율은 탁도 99.8%, SS 99.9%, $BOD_5$ 94.4%, $COD_{Cr}$ 95.4%, T-N 54.3%, T-P 99.8%이었다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.103-121
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• 2003

Human being can't live without nature, then the changes of nature affect human body. It means that human body has corresponding changes to the KI(vital energy) of nature. There is a stream of changes in human body which circulate mysteriously and punctually by the laws of nature. If this stream of changes fits into human's life style, it would be most effective. It has a certain mode continuously. So if a person has a habit fitting into it, he will get the healthiest body. Then the researcher tries to explain the changes in human body by the time, mainly focused on within 24 hours. it is showing not only the oriental view, but also the western's. The researcher can find the coincidence as followings. At In-Si(3-5 am), the body function and the body temperature get to the bottom, therefore it's good for him to wake up and to run the vital energy. At Sa-Si(9-11 am), the patience on pain anxiety and the psychic concentration get to the top, he'd better start the work. At O-Si(11am-1pm), the heart energy has a vital move, then the blood concentration of Hb(hemoglobin) gets to the top. At Mi-Si(1-3 pm), the muscle strength, the squeeze, and the breathing rate increase. The reflex nerve sensitivity gets to the top. Creativity, observation, and working efficiency go high, so it's time to work hard. At Hae-Si(9pm-1am), the body function falls, sleeping is needed. At Chuck-Si(1-3 am), the cell spontaneity gets to the top, immune lymphocyte moves actively, and the blood concentration of growth hormone gets to the top. These are liver's work. In west, there has been active studies on how to reduce the side effect by using a person's bio-rhythm based on the 'time treatment', and how to reorganize the bio-rhythm by using the machine and the age resistance based on the 'bio-watch'. Though the 'time treatment' means something, the artificial resistance on bio-rhythm seems to give bad effects to human body. If a person lives by regimen of oriental medicine, he will maintain the healthiest body. Regimen is that human body follows the laws of nature, and moves its mysterious, Punctual and periodical changes.