• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.139-144
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• 1994

The effect of some formulation variables on the release rate of famotidine, a $H_2$ receptor antagonist, from cellulose matrices containing hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) in different ratios and types was investigated. The effects of tablet shape and compression pressure on dissolution rate of famotidine were studied. And the effect of the pH of dissolution media was also studied. Increase in the ratio of polymer to drug decreased the release rate of famotidine. Increase of the polymer viscosity also decreased the release rate. The release rate of famotidine was dependent on the pH of dissolution media. The release rate of drug was not much dependent on the compression pressure but dependent on the tablet shape and/or surface area. Consequently, the release rate of famotidine can be modified by changing the HPC contents, types of polymers with different viscosity grades or using appropriate fillers.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 1987

The present experiments have been bone to verify the effects of the warming rate and the degenerated blastomere(s) on further development of the frozen and thawed 4- and 8-cell mouse embryos. The embryos obtained from the mouse superovulated and mated were frozen in the solution of 15M DMSO in PBS containing 10% FCS at a slowly cooling rate($0.3^{\circ}C/min$). Two methods of warming slowly($8^{\circ}C/min$) and quickly ($450^{\circ}C/min$) were applied for thawing embryos. The thawed embryos were grouped according to the number of healthy blastomere(s) in the embryos. Some of the embryos were eliminated their degenerated blastomere(s) by means of a micromanipulation technique. The embryos were examined their developmental phases after 48 or 72 hrs incubation. The rates of blastocyst development from the frozen and thawed 4- and 8-cell embryos were 72.7% and 73.5%, respectively in case of thawing slowly, and were 78.9% and 80.0%, respectively in case of thawing quickly. The rate in case of thawing quickly was significantly higher than that in case of thawing slowly. The rates of blastocyst development from the frozen and thawed 4- and 8-cell embryos eliminated their degenerated blastomere(s) increased 5.9% and 24.4%, respectively compared with those of control groups not eliminated. The more number of degenerated blastomere(s) were eliminated from the embryos, the higher rate of blastocyst development was shown. It may be concluded from the results that the quickly thawing method is better for increasing survival rate than the slowly thawing one, and that the degenerated blastomere(s) in the frozen and thawed embryos affects as an interfering factor for further development of the embryos.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 2019

Purpose - Along with Chinese exchange rate's reform advancement, the issue of exchange rate of RMB has increasingly become the heated focus in the world. In July 2005, China carried out the reform of the exchange rate system, and this behavior has aroused the attention of the world. However, the dispute on whether the theory of purchasing power parity holds or not in China still exists. As such, this paper will attempt to explore whether the purchasing power parity is significant in China. Research design, data, and methodology - The monthly data from July 2005 to December 2017 will be employed to analyze the nominal exchange rate of RMB against the US dollar and the nominal exchange rate of RMB against the euro. Based on these datum, an empirical analysis will be conducted under the unit root test and the cointegration test to exploit the significance of purchasing power parity in China. Results - The findings of this paper reveal that an increase in China's consumer price index will lead to an increase in the RMB exchange rate, which will lead to the depreciation of RMB. Concomitantly, an increase in the consumer price index in the US and Europe will result in a decrease in the RMB exchange rate, which will lead to an appreciation of RMB. In general, in terms of the US, if US consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against US dollar will decrease by 0.905%; if China's consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against US dollar will increase by 0.648%. In terms of Europe, if Europe consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against euro will decrease by 0.277%; If China's consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against euro will increase by 0.235%. Conclusions - Generally speaking, the empirical evidences this paper provided show that the purchasing power parity theory has a certain explanatory ability for the decision of RMB exchange rate. As such, the purchasing power parity cannot hold completely, and China's government should continue to deepen the reform of the exchange rate system to improve China's exchange rate market.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.404-408
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• 2009

The liquid desiccant air-conditioning system has been proposed as an alternative to the conventional vapor compression cooling systems to control air humidity. The complete system of liquid desiccant air-conditioning system is consisted two main components those are humidifier (regeneration) and dehumidifier. Humidifier part is connected to the load when summer season which is the air condition is hot and humid have to be turned into comfort condition on human. This paper purpose is performances study of air flow rate effect on a structured packed tower on cooling and dehumidifier system using liquid lithium chloride as the desiccant. Experimental apparatus used in this present study is consisted of three components those are load chamber, packed tower and chiller. Load chamber’s volume is $40m^3$, and packed tower dimension is cubic with length 0.4m occupied with packed column. Totally, 15 experimental has done using 5 times repeat on each variable of air velocity that varying on 2m/s, 3m/s and 4m/s with other conditions are controlled. Air inlet initial temperature and relative humidity are set respectively on $30^{\circ}C$ and 52%, desiccant flow rate is 0.63 kg/s, desiccant temperature is $10^{\circ}C$ and desiccant concentration is 0.4. The result of this study shows that averagely, the moisture removal rate and the heat transfer rate are influenced by the air velocity. Higher air velocity will increase the heat transfer and decreasing the moisture removal rate. At adiabatic condition the air velocity of 2 m/s respectively is having the higher moisture removal rate acceleration then the air velocity of 3m/s and 4 m/s until the steady state condition.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.258-264
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study was to confirm the characteristics of oral malodor patients by evaluating the differences of salivary flow rate, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) level in saliva between the patient and control groups, and the correlation with the tongue coating, volatile sulfur compound (VSC), salivary flow rate and sIgA level in saliva in the patients group. Methods : Forty-seven patients with oral malodor and twenty healthy volunteers were included in this study. Their tongue coating was assessed with the Winkel tongue coating index, and salivary flow rate, sIgA concentrations in saliva and the level of VSC in oral cavity were measured. Results : There were no significant differences of the salivary flow rate and the sIgA level in saliva between the patient and control groups, but there was a significant relationship between the accumulation of tongue coating and the level of VSC in oral cavity. Conclusions : Our results suggest that tongue coating is closely related to oral malodor, but further studies are needed to confirm the relationship between tongue coating and sIgA level in saliva.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2007

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare GnRH antagonist and agonist flare-up treatment in the management of poor responder patients. Methods: One hundred forty-four patients from Jan. 1, 2002 to Aug. 31, 2005 undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment who responded poorly to the previous cycle (No. of oocyte retrieved$\leq$5) and had high early follicular phase follicle stimulating hormone (FSH>12 mIU/ml were selected. Seventy-five patients received agonist flare-up protocol and 71 patients received antagonist protocol. We analyzed the number of oocytes retrieved, number of good embryos (GI, GI-1), total dose of hMG administered, implantation rate, cycle cancellation rate, pregnancy rate, live birth rate. Results: The cancellation rate was high in antagonist protocol (53.5% vs. 30.1%). The number of oocyte retrieved, the number of good embyos were high in agonist flare-up group. There was no statistical difference between GnRH agonist flare up protocol and GnRH antagonist protocol in implantation rate (14.5%, 10.1%), clinical pregnancy rate per transfer (29.4%, 21.2%) and live birth rate per transfer (21.6%, 18.2%). Although the result was not statistically significant, GnRH agonist flare up group showed a nearly doubled pregnancy rate and live birth rate per initial cycle than GnRH antagonist group. Conclusions: The agonist flare-up protocol appears to be slightly more effective than the GnRH antagonist protocol in implantation rate, pregnancy rate, live birth rate but shows statistically no significance. Agonist flare-up protocol improved the ovarian response in poor responders. However, based of the result of the study, we can expect improved ovarian response in poor responders by GnRH agonist flare up protocol.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.923-939
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of mixed culture of rat's calvaria cells and periodontal ligament cells on calcification. These cells have been known to do important role on the periodontal tissue regeneration, especially alveolar bone and cementum. Experimental groups were made which based on the different rate of rat's calvaria cells and periodontal ligament cells, and then these cells were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium contained with 10% fetal bovine serum, $50{\mu}g/ml$ ascorbic acid, and 10mM/ ml $Na-{\beta}-glycerophosphate$. Each group was characterized by examining the cell proliferation rate, amount of total protein synthesis, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the number of calcified nodules in vitro. In cell proliferation rate , the cells of control groups were cultured Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium contained with 10 % fetal bovine serum. The results were as follows : 1. The cell proliferation rate in control groups decreased stastically significantly along with the decrease of the rate of bone cells at 7 day and 20 day(P < 0.01). 2. The cell proliferation rate in experimental groups decreased stastically significantly along with decrease of the rate of bone cells at 3 day and 14 day(P < 0.01). 3. The amount of total protein synthesis was significantly decreased along with decrease of the rate of bone cells at 3 day and 6 day(p < 0.01). 4. Alkaline phosphatase activity showed reverse time dependent pattern and was significantly decreased along with decrease of the rate of bone cells during the experimental periods (P < 0.01). 5. Calcified nodules were observed in group 1 (Rat calvaria cells alone) for the first time, and the number of calcified nodule decreased stastically significantly along with the decrease of the rate of bone cells at 12 day(P < 0.01). From the above results, When bone cells and periodontal ligament cells were mixed cultured, the cell proliferation rate was mostly dependent on the actual rate of bone cells and same pattern was showed in amount of total protein synthesis, alkalinephosphatase activity, and the number of calcified nodules. And the calcified nodule forming capacity of bone cells was inhibited by periodontal ligament cells

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2008

Background: The purpose of this study were to identify the physical therapist's turnover experience in Busan Metropolitan city and its related general factors, and to investigate the turnover, moving-in and out rate. Methods: First Data were collected from 102 physical therapists who working in Busan Metropolitan city using structured questionnaires and then second data collected from who call to directly. Results: Physical therapists expressed high level of turnover experience. Physical therapist's turnover experience was significantly different by their age, marital status, sex, working place and career. In proportion of the total increasing rate of physical therapist and turnover rate was increased. Conclusion: To prevent or reduce physical therapist's turnover rate, more research about causal relationships of physical therapist's turnover should studied.

• Annual Conference of KIPS
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• 2002.04b
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• pp.1393-1396
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• 2002

무선 ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 망을 기본으로 하여 ATM망에서 사용하는 서비스 종류인 CBR(Constant Bit Rate), rtVBR(Real-Time Variable Bit Rate), nrtVBR(Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate), ABR(Available Bit Rate), UBR(Unspecified Bit Rate)에 따른 플로우를 우선 각 서비스 흐름에 따라서 공평하게 패킷 스케줄링 한다. 그리고 각 서비스 종류에 따라 대역이나 지연에 따라 모든 사용자의 다양한 서비스 트래픽에 공평하게 서비스하는 구조를 갖는다. 아울러 무선 통신망 채널에 에러가 발생할 경우를 고려하여 각 서비스 트래픽에 대한 QoS(Quality of Service)를 보장해주는 무선 ATM 통신망에서 동작하는 스케줄링 알고리즘을 제안하여 시뮬레이션과을 통해 기존의 방법과 성능을 비교하여 기존의 유선 통신망 스케줄링 알고리즘과 달리 무선망의 에러에 대한 각 트래픽의 에러에 대한 성능 향상에 대해 알아본다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.306-310
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• 2003

Hydrolysis reactions of S-phenyl-S-vinyl-N-p-tosylsulfilimine (VSI) and its derivatives at various pH have been investigated kinetically. The hydrolysis reactions produced phenylvinylsulfoxide and p-toluene sulfonamide as the products. The reactions are first order and Hammett ρ values for pH 1.0, 6.0, and 11.0 are 0.82, 0.45, and 0.57, respectively. This reaction is not catalyzed by general base. The plot of k vs pH shows that there are three different regions of the rate constants $(k_t)$ in the profile.; At pH < 2 and pH > 10, the rate constants are directly proportional to the concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ion catalyzed reactions, respectively. The rate constant remains nearly the same at 2 < pH < 10. On the bases of these results, the plausible hydrolysis mechanism and a rate equation have been proposed: At pH < 2.0, the reaction proceeds via the addition of water molecule to sulfur after protonation at the nitrogen atom of the sulfilimine, whereas at pH > 10.0, the reaction proceeds by the addition of hydroxide ion to sulfur directly. In the range of pH 2.0-10.0, the addition of water to sulfur of sulfilimine appears to be the rate controlling step.