• 약학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 1984

The paper aimed to review the influences of ginseng on the metabolism of foreign substances and on the activity of hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme system in mouse or rat liver. It has been known that ginseng components reduces the motality rates and the toxic effects induced by foreign materials. Chronic pretreatment of mouse or rat with ginseng extract fractions or saponin caused the increase in the metabolism of foreign materials and the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome $P_{450}$, NADPH cytochrome C reductase and glucuronyl S-transferase in liver. Thus, it may be concluded that decrease in toxic effect of foreign substances by ginseng pretreatment may be partly related to the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes in liver.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2001

To investigate an effect of aging on the xylene metabolism in liver damaged animals, a study was conducted. 50% carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) in olive oil (0.1 ml/100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally given to 5-week and 12-week rats 12 times every other day and then one dose of 50% xylene in olive oil (0.25 ml/100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally given to the rats, and after 24 hr, the animals were sacrificed. On the basis of the functional findings in rat liver, ie, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase activity, liver protein and malonedialdehyde contents, 5-week rats showed less liver damage than 12-week rats. The increasing rate of urinary methylhippuric acid concentration to the control was significantly higher in 5-week rats than 12-week rats in case of xylene treatment after induction of liver damage. On the other hand, liver damaged 5-week rats showed significant rise of hepatic cytochrome P45O content compared with the liver damaged 12-week rats by the xylene treatment. And increasing rate of hepatic alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenase activities to each liver damaged animals was higher tendency in 5-week rats than 12-week rats by the xylene treatment. In conclusion, 5-week rat showed greater metabolic rate of xylene than 10-week rats in case of liver injury because 5-week rats led to a slight liver damaged compared with 12-week rats.

• BMB Reports
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.604-609
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• 2007

An Asp/His catalytic site of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH) was suggested to have a similar catalytic topology with the Asp/His catalytic site of serine proteases. Many studies supported the hypothesis that serine protease inhibitors can bind and modulate the activity of serine proteases by binding to the catalytic site of serine proteases. To explore the possibility that soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) can recognize catalytic sites of FDH and can make a stable complex, we carried out an SBTI-affinity column by using rat liver homogenate. Surprisingly, the Rat FDH molecule with two typical liver proteins, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) and betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) were co-purified to homogeneity on SBTI-coupled Sepharose and Sephacryl S-200 followed by Superdex 200 FPLC columns. These three liver-specific proteins make a protein complex with 300 kDa molecular mass on the gel-filtration column chromatography in vitro. Immuno-precipitation experiments by using anti-FDH and anti-SBTI antibodies also supported the fact that FDH binds to SBTI in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that the catalytic site of rat FDH has a similar structure with those of serine proteases. Also, the SBTI-affinity column will be useful for the purification of rat liver proteins such as FDH, CPS1 and BHMT.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.606-613
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• 1998

Cadmium is one of the well-known environmental toxicants and induces cancer in rodents and human, but its carcinogenic mechanism has not been well demonstrated until now. Genotoxic effects of cadmium in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and TA1535/pSK1002 or in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells were investigated to elucidate the tumor initiating effects of cadmium. TA98, TA100 and TA1535/pSK1002 tester strains were used to detect frameshift mutation, base-pair mutation and SOS repair response, respectively, in Salmonella mutation test. Reverse mutations from histidine to $histidin^+$ of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 by $CdCl_2$ were not significantly different from control up to the maximum doses ($100{\mu}M$ and $200{\mu}M$ in TA98 and TA100, respectively) at which non-cytotoxicity was observed. DNA SOS repair responses(${\beta}$-galactosidase activity) generally did not show significant increases compared to control in both of the conditions with or without metabolic activation in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 by $CdCl_2$. But the activities of ${\beta}$-galactosidase by $400{\mu}M$ of $CdCl_2$ in metabolic activation condition and by 130 and $400{\mu}M$ of $CdCl_2$ in non-metabolic activation condition were more decreased than those of control. DNA single strand breaks for 4hrs were observed only in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells treated with $200{\mu}M$ of $CdCl_2$. As a conclusion, $CdCl_2$ did not induce gene mutation in microbials but induce DNA single strand breaks in rat liver epithelial cells.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1991

this study is conducted to evalute the effect of ginseng fraction components(ginseng extract siolution; GES ginseng protein ; GP ginseng saponin ; GSA ginseng residue ; GR) upon hy-perlipidemia and fatty liver induced by high fat administration. In doing so the serum liver and epididymal adpoid tissue have been examined for lipid component level cortisol and insulin level. The change of liver tissue has been observed by light and electron microscope. In the cortisol level all experimental groups were lower compared to control group. The liver of rats observed histochemically. Control group appeared to be fatty liver but GP and GSA group looks normal electron-microscopically. GES and GP group showed a slight improvement compa-red with control group.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.96-102
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• 1998

Primary hepatocytes of small animals such as rat and rabbit were often used for the study of extracorporeal liver support systems. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes form spheroids within tow days when cultivated as suspension in spinner vessels. These spheroids showed enhanced liver specific functions and more differentiated morphology compared to hepatocytes cultured as monolayers However, shear stress caused by continuous agitation deteriorated spheroids gradually. In this work we immobilized spheroids to prolong liver specific activities. First, hepatocyte spheroids were suspended in collagen solution containing calcium chloride and then dropped into alginate solution. A thin layer of calcium alginate was formed around the droplet and then was removed after the inner collagen was gelled by treatment of sodium citrate buffer. Spheroids embedded in collagen-gel bead maintained liver specific functions such as albumin secretion rate longer than hepatocyte spheroids exposed to shear stress. Therefore, we suggest that this immobilization technique may offer an effective long-term hepatocyte cultivation and facilitase the development of a bioartificial liver support device.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 1987

To study effects of heated oil on lipid peroxidation in rat liver, rats were fed 3 and 6 weeks by intubating oils heated for l1(HA group) and 24 hours (HB group) at 18$0^{\circ}C$. The contents of lipid peroxides and vitamin E, and the activities of super oxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in liver were measured. Histological changes of the liver tissue were observed. In both HA and HE groups, the contents of lipid peroxides and the activities of superoxide dismutase were increased, but the activities of glutathione peroxidase and the contents of vitamin E in liver were decreased when compared to the control group which was fed fresh cora oils. During the oil feeding period, the activities of superoxide dismutase and the contents of vitamin E were not significantly changed, but the activities of glutathione peroxidase were decreased, and lipid peroxides were increased in the 3 weeks than in 6 weeks. In HB liver, the heterochromatin of nucleus increased, mitochondria swellen, cristae in mitochondria disappeared, fat droplet and secondary lysosome increased and lumen of rough endoplasmic reticulum enlarged, compared with that of the control group. These phenomena in HA group were less pronounced.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.27-29
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• 1967

Many investigators reported the mineral corticoid hormon-like action of Glycyrrhizin. The other investigators suggested concerning the glucocorticoid hormon-like action. Authors had been observed the glycogen content of the liver to make sure the relationship between glucocorticoid like action of Glycyrrhizin and glucose metabolism in the liver. There was significant increase in the liver glycogen content in rat fed Glycyrrhizin for two weeks, however it was confirmed that Glucuronic acid combined with Glucuronic was unable to make any influence to glycogen content. The relation concerning the effect of Glycyrrhizin on liver glycogen and its mechanism of action might be needed followup study.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2003

To evaluate the influence of hepatic oxygen free radical systems on liver injury by topical p-phenylenediamine (PPD) application on rat skin, PPD (25 mg/16.5 $\textrm{cm}^2$) was topically applied to the abdominal region 5 times every other day and sacrificed. By PPD treatment, increasing rate of liver weight/body weight (%), serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and decreasing rate of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity were higher in the rats fed tungstate supplemented diet than those fed a standard diet. These findings indicate that group fed tungstate supplemented diet have more severe liver injury compared with group fed standard diet on topical PPD application. However, the activities of oxygen free radical generating enzymes such as xanthine oxidase (XO) and cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase and those of oxygen free radical scavenging enzymes were not found to be different between these two animal groups. In the present study, a novel monitoring method to detect the generating of oxygen free radicals in liver extract was devised. Throughout this method, the oxidized PPD produced by oxygen free radicals was determined colorimetrically. The increasing rate of PPD oxidation by liver homogenate was higher in tungstate fed animals than in standard diet fed ones. Among the fractionations of liver extract, the mitochondrial and postmitochondrial fractions in the liver extract of tungstate fed animals led to a higher availability of PPD oxidation by PPD treatment compared with standard diet fed ones. In conclusion, these results suggest that an enhanced liver injury in tungstate fed animals treated with PPD may be due to oxygen free radicals produced in other systems except oxygen free radicals generating from cytosolic XO system. Especially, oxidative availability by PPD can be used for oxygen free radical detection in some tissue.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.620-625
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• 2000

The mechanisms of liver injury from cold storage and reperfusion are not completely under-stood. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the inactivation of Kupffer cells (KCs) by gadolinium chloride ($GdCl_3$) modulates ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat liver. Hepatic function was assessed using an isolated perfused rat liver model. In livers subjected to cold storage at $4^{\circ}C$ in University of Wisconsin solution for 24 hrs and to 20 min rewarm-ing ischemia, oxygen uptake was markedly decreased, Kupffer cell phagocytosis was stimulated, releases of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and lactate dehydrogenase were increased as compared with control livers. Pretreatment of rats with $GdCl_3$) , a selective KC toxicant, suppressed kupffer cell activity, and reduced the grade of hepatic injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion. While the initial mixed function oxidation of 7-ethoxycoumarin was not different from that found in the control livers, the subsequent conjugation of its meta-bolite to sulfate and glucuronide esters was suppressed by ischemia-reperfusion, CdCl$_3$restored sulfation and glucuronidation capacities to the level of the control liver. Our findings suggest that Kupffer cells could play an important role in cold/warm ischemia-reperfusion hepatic injury.