• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.199.2-200
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• 2003

Choline is an important membrane phospholipid constituent and a neurotransmitter precursor that is minimally synthesized in brain. The long-term maintenance of brain choline concentration is dependent on choline transport from plasma, which occurs via saturable transport system at the blood-brain barrier. In the present study, we examined to elucidate the characteristics of transport of cationic amines, especially choline which is one of cationic amines, to BBS using conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell line (TR-BBB) in vitro. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.2 s.20
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• pp.149-155
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• 2007

Objective : Using a spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of essential hypertension, this study investigated whether electroacupuncture (EA) could reduce early stage hypertension by examining whether EA increased nitric oxide (NO) levels in plasma, which compensates for elevated blood pressure (BP). Methods : EA was applied to the acupoint, Baekhoe (GV20), and to a non acupoint in the tail at 10 Hz and an intensity of 1 mA for 10 minutes on the first and fourth day of the week for three weeks under isoflurane anesthesia. In conscious SHR and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, blood pressure was determined the day after EA treatment by the tail cuff method using an automatic BP monitoring system. We also measured NO concentration of blood serum in SHR and WKY. Results : Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were lower after 3 weeks of GV20 treatment than in non EA treated or non acupoint treated SHR rats. The NO level of plasma was significantly lower in hypertensive SHR than in normotensive WKY. EA prevented the augmentation of blood pressure, and also increased NO concentrations from $7.91{\pm}0.42$ ${\mu}M$ to $11.50{\pm}0.93$ ${\mu}M$ in SHR serum. Conclusions : We suggest that acupuncture may be an early intervention to delay the development of hypertension and enhance NO/NOS activity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.382-389
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• 2012

Effects of citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the blood coagulation and platelet aggregation were investigated using whole blood, platelet rich plasma (PRP) and washed platelet obtained from SD male rats. To confirm the stability of AgNPs in the test, size distribution of the nanoparticles was measured in the vehicles including distilled water, serum, and platelet buffers. The average size of AgNPs was 20 nm in the vehicles, which means that the stability was maintained during the whole experimental period. When blood coagulation was monitored by using whole blood impedance aggregometer, coagulation was not observed at the concentration of 1, 10 and 50 ppm. Platelets in plasma or in buffer were not aggregated by AgNPs at the concentration of 1, 2 and 4 ppm, respectively. The test concentration of AgNPs could not be increased because the dark color of the nanoparticles impeded the transmission of light, which is an indicator of aggregation. Although the blood or platelets were pre-activated by collagen, thrombin, or ADP with sub-threshold level, aggregation was not observed at the test concentration. Microscopic observation also supported the result obtained by the aggregometer.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 1998

SB-31 which contains Pursatilla, Licoris and Ginseng extracts was recently proved as an anticancer agent. In a preclinical effort to be applied this drug to human, pharmacokinetics of SB-31 was carried out in rats and rabbits. Glycyrrhizin(GZ), a saponin of Licoris was used as a standard ingradient for the pharmacokinetics of SB-31. The rat's blood, bile and urine samples were serially collected in femoral vein, common bile duct and bladder, respectively, after bolus i.v. injection at a dose of 1 or 1/5 ampul/rat and rabbit's blood samples from the marginal ear vein at a dose of 1 or 3 amp./rabbit. GZ and glycyrrhetic acid(GA), a major metabolite of GZ in the physiological samples were analysed by HPLC with UV detection. The decline of GZ in plasma concentration was generally biexponential at each dose. GZ was almost completely recovered in bile within 18 hour. GA wasn't detected in the samples with UV detector. In the rat, Vss and Kel at a dose of 1 and 1/5 ampul of SB-31 were $98.06\pm6.07\;ml,\;0.33\pm0.05\;hr^{-1}\;and\;65.46\pm11.19\;ml,\;0.68\pm0.25\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. Those in rabbits at a dose of 3 and 1 ampul of SB-31 were $235.24\pm30.72\;ml,\;0.13\pm0.36\;hr^{-1}\;and\;341.32\pm28.58\;ml,\;0.27\pm0.04\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. 'WinNonlin' was utilized for the compartmental analysis. A two-compartment model was chosen as the most appropriate pbarmaco-kinetic model. The data were best described by using a weighting factor of $1/y^2$. To evaluate the effect of SB-31 on cardiovascular system, serially diluted SB-31 was directly injected into coronary artery in the isolated perfused rat heart and the effect of PSF, PSH, saponins of Pursatilla, and SB-31 on PT, APTT of healthy human plasma was examined. Except the positive inotropic effect of ten times diluted solution of SB-31, there was no significant effect on LVDP, (- dp/dt)/(+dp/dt), heart rate and coronary flow in comparision with that of vehicle. SB-31 had no effect on PT but slightly delayed APTT about $6.9{\sim}11.5\%$. There was no significant effect of PSF and PSH on PT & APTT. Conclusively, SB-31 did not show any notable toxic effects on cardiovascular system.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.277-281
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• 2001

Chromium is an essential nutrient and participates in glucose and lipid metabolism in human beings and animals. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of chromium picolinate (Cr-pic) on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in type I and ll diabetic rats. The experimental groups were type I diabetic (streptozotocin-induced: 40 mg/kg, i.p.) and type II diabetic (Goto-Kakizaki rats) models. Each group was subdivided into control. low-dose and high-dose of Cr-pic treated groups. The Cr-pic was orally administered with Cr-pic (100 mg/kg for low dose group and 200 mg/kg for high dose group) for 4 weeks. And then we performed intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and insulin sensitivity test (ITT). The glucose tolerance test was carried out by inection of glucose (2 g/kg, i.p.). The peripheral insulin sensitivity test was con- ducted by injection of insulin (5 units/kg, s.c.) and glucose. We performed determining of blood glucose concentration at 0, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min using automated glucose analyzer. The plasma insulin concentration was determined by rat insulin EIA kit. Administration of Cr-pic improved weight gain in all group s with higher significant in the low-dose group. There was no significance between the control and the Cr-pic treated groups in the area under the blood glucose curve and serum insulin concentration plots of IPGTT and peripheral ITT in type I diabetic rats. But Cr-pic treated groups showed significantly lower levels of the area under the blood glucose currie during IPGTT and ITT and the high-dose group showed less effects compared with the low-dose group in the type II diabetic rats. The plasma insulin concentration of both diabetic groups was not influenced by Cr-pic supplementation. We can conclude that chromium picolinate may improve the endogenous and exogenous insulin action and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type II diabetic rats.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2003

Objectives : In order to examine the antioxidant activities of Kyungohkgo(瓊玉膏), the study was done through measurement of parameters such as Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS), Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Catalase(CAT), Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px), Plasma total lipid, Plasma total triglyceride, Plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol concentrations in rat erythrocytes and plasma. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 3 groups, Normal group(l2 weeks old), pathologically induced group(injected D-galatose 50mg/kg, 1time/day for 6 weeks, CONTROL) and Kyungohkgo(瓊玉膏) administered group(D-galactose 50mg/kg and Kyungohkgo extracts 1125.0mg/kg 1time/day for 6 weeks, KOG). Rats were sacrificed and TBARS, SOD, CAT, Plasma total lipid, Plasma triglyceride, Plasma total cholesterol, Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations and GSH-px were measured in rat erythrocytes and plasma. Results : Plasma TBARS concentrations of KOG group were significantly lower than those of control. Red blood cell(RBC) SOD activities of KOG group was increased(F=3.619, p=0.052, ANOVA test), and RBC catalase activities of all experimental group were not significantly different. RBC GSH-px activities of KOG group was increased(F=6.844, p=0.008, ANOVA test). The changes of Plasma triglyceride was not significantly different. Plasma total lipid of KOG group showed significant decrease compared to the control group(F=19.337, p=0.0001, ANOVA test). Plasma total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations of all experimental groups were not significantly different. Conclusions : According to the above results, it is considered that Kyungohkgo(瓊玉膏) is effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidative enzyme activities in D-galactose induced aging rat.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 1988

An ultrastructural study of hepatocyte proliferation in the regenerating rat liver has been made by means of the partial hepatectomy. And electron microscopic histochemistry of hepatocyte in the regenerating rat liver is studied through alkaline phosphatase reaction. The results are as follows: 1. When the regeneration of rat liver is induced by the partial hepatectomy, the prominent ultrastructural characteristics of hepatocyte are changes of the distribution of chromatin in nucleus, increase of the number of mitochondria and decrease of the size of them, development of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and transient decrease of glycogen granules in cytoplasm. 2. Alkaline phosphatase reaction products are appeared in the nucleus or rough endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocyte during the initial regeneration of liver as 24, 48 and 72 hour groups after partial hepatectomy. And these positive reaction are mainly increased in cytoplasm and plasma membrane of hepatocytes during 1, 2 and 3 week groups after partial hepatectomy. As 4 weeks passed after partial hepatectomy, these positive reaction is located in the sinusoidal epithelial cells or erythrocytes. With above results, we concluded that alkaline phosphatase was synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum bounded ribosomes of regenerating hepatocyte, was transported to the plasma membrane of them, and then was transported in blood by the way sinusoidel epithelial cells.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 1990

$^{88}SrCl_2$ was injected to the tail vein of Wistar rats and investigated its distribution and clearance in the tissues and blood. We also measured the changes in Sr binding to the blood plasma protein by administrating chelating agents and organic acids. For the blood, 60% of the Sr occurred in the plasma and 40% on the cell membrane. Fifty percent of Sr in the blood plasma was bound to plasma protein. Sr on the cell membrane seemed to be bound loosely. The binding in the lymphocyte was higher than in the erythrocyte .and granulocyte. Within one hour Sr was quickly disappeared from the blood stream, to be accumulated in the bone. Twenty four hours after the injection, Sr decreased rapidly in the organs of soft tissue, but slowly in the bone. The binding of Sr to plasma protien decreased from 57% of the control to 27-33% in the group treated with chelating agents, EDTA, EGTA and DTPA and to 19% and 40% in the groups treated with organic acids, citrate and oxalate, respectively.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2002

Brain drug targeting through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo is possible with peptidornirnetic monoclonal antibodies that undergo receptor-mediated transcytosis through the BBB. Monoclonal antibody to the rat transferrin receptor, such as the OX26 was studied in rats as a transport vector through BBB on the transferrin receptor. But, OX26 is not an effective brain delivery vector in mouse. In the present studies, rat monoclonal antibody, 8D3 to the mouse transferrin receptor were evaluated for brain drug targeting vector intransgenic mouse model. Pharrnacokinetic parameters in plasma and organ uptakes were determined at varioustimes after i.v. bolus injection of [$^{}125}I$] 8D3 in Balb/c mice. Brain uptake of [$^{}125}I$] 8D3 was also studied with an internal carotid artery perfusioncapillary depletion method. After i.v. injection of [$^{}125}I$] 8D3, plasma concentrations declined biexponentially with elimination half lift of approximately 2.2 hours. Brain uptake of [$^{}125}I$] 8D3 was $0.50{\pm}0.09$ persent of injected dose per g brain after 2 hours i.v. injection. After perfusion 5 min the apparent volume of distibution of [$^{}125}I$] 8D3 in brain was $22.3 {\mu}l/g,$ which was 4.8 fold higher than the intravascular volume. These studies indicate rat monoclonal antibody to the mouse transferrin receptor, 8D3 may be used for brain drug targeting vector in mice.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-18
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• 2004

Objective : This study was performed to investigate the effects of aqua-acupuncture of Jibaikjihwangtang in two-kidney one clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Methods : we injected aqua-acupuncture solution into Shin-Soo ($BL_{23}$) which corresponds to human acupuncture point in two-kidney one clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Systolic blood pressure, renin activity, aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plasma levels were tested. Results : Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly after aqua-acupuncture of jibaikjihwangtang. Acupuncture group in two-kidney one clip Goldblatt hyper-tensive rats had deference with control group. In plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide, acupuncture group of spontaneously hypertensive rats increased meaningfully but to two-kidney one clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats it was decreased meaningfully. In Serum Aldosterone density, the acupuncture group of spontaneously hypertensive rats had significant alteration than control group, but the acupuncture group of two-kidney one clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats had decreased alteration than control group. Conclusion : According to these results, after Aqua-Acupuncture of Jibaikjihwangtang blood pressure decreased significantly and data suggest that blood pressure reduction activity connected with renin activity reduction in renal hypertensive rat.