• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2018

Background: Sitting posture influences movements of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints and changes the shoulder muscle activities. The development and maintenance of correct sitting posture is important for the fundamental treatment of shoulder pain during rehabilitation. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the sitting postures and the shoulder movements on shoulder muscle activities for both male and female. Methods: Twenty-eight subjects without shoulder-related diseases participated in this experiment. The subjects had randomly adopted three different sitting postures (upright posture, preferred posture, maximum slouched posture) and shoulder flexion angles in scapular plane ($30^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$). Surface electrodes were collected from upper trapezius (UT), anterior deltoid (AD), and posterior deltoid (PD) and the active shoulder range of motion was measured in each sitting posture and shoulder flexion angle. Results: The active range of motions of the shoulder external rotation and the flexion in the scapular plane decreased from the upright posture to the maximum slouched posture (p<.05, mixed-effect linear regression with random intercept, Tukey post-hoc analysis). All muscles showed the highest EMG activities at $120^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion with the maximum slouched posture and did not show the gender differences. Conclusion: Increased shoulder muscle activities may become the potential risk factor for the shoulder impairment and pain if people continuously maintain the maximum slouched posture. Therefore, an upright position is necessary during shoulder exercises, as well as in activities of daily living, including motions involving lifting the arms.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2007

Objectives : We aimed to assess the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and lung cancer in the Republic of Korea. Methods : Using the Annual Report of Ambient Air Quality in Korea, Annual Report of National Cancer Registration, and Annual Report on the Cause of Death Statistics, we calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of lung cancer for both sexes in 74 areas from 7 Korean metropolitan cities. We performed random intercept, Poisson regression using empirical Bayes method. Results : Both SMRs and SIRs in the 7 metropolitan cities were higher in women than in men. Mean SIRs were 99.0 for males and 107.0 for females. The association between $PM_{10}$ and lung cancer risk differed according to gender. $PM_{10}$ was not associated with the risk of lung cancer in males, but both incidence and mortality of lung cancer were positively associated with $PM_{10}$ in females. The estimated percentage increases in the rate of female lung cancer mortality and incidence were 27% and 65% at the highest $PM_{10}$ category $({\geq}70\;{\mu}g/m^3)$, compared to the referent category $({\geq}50\;{\mu}g/m^3)$. Conclusions : Long-term exposure to $PM_{10}$ was significantly associated with female lung cancer incidence in 7 Korean metropolitan cities. Further study is undergoing to estimate the relative risk of $PM_{10}$ using multi-level analysis for controlling individual and regional confounders such as smoking and socioeconomic position.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2020

본 연구는 서울시를 대상으로 가구통행실태조사 자료를 이용하여 통행목적별 자전거 통행행태를 분석하고 그 영향요인을 규명하는데 목적이 있으며, 주요 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 서울시 행정동별 자전거 통행비율을 분석한 결과 지역별로 약 14.2%의 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 나이, 성별, 소득, 직업, 주거유형 등 다양한 개인특성변수들이 통행목적별 자전거 통행수단 선택에 영향을 미치며, 통행 장소와 관련하여 공통적으로 주거지와 같은 행정동 내 시설을 이용할 경우 자전거 통행이 늘어나는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 근린환경특성을 나타내는 변수들 중에서 근린의 토지이용혼합도가 높고 범죄발생률이 낮을수록 통근 및 통학 목적의 자전거 통행이 늘어나는 것으로 나타나 주거, 업무, 상업시설의 용도 혼합과 함께 지역의 범죄안전성을 높이는 것이 통근 및 통학 목적의 자전거 이용을 활성화하는데 중요한 역할을 한다고 생각된다. 또한 자전거 도로밀도와 지역의 경사도는 공통적으로 통근 및 통학, 쇼핑, 운동 및 여가 목적의 자전거 통행에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 자전거 통행을 활성화하기 위해서는 자전거도로 공급을 통해 자전거도로의 접근성을 높이고 지역의 경사도 등을 고려하여 자전거 기반시설의 입지를 결정할 필요가 있다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2023

Objectives: Although it is difficult to define the quality of stroke care, acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with moderate-to-severe neurological deficits may benefit from thrombectomy-capable hospitals (TCHs) that have a stroke unit, stroke specialists, and a substantial endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) case volume. Methods: From national audit data collected between 2013 and 2016, potential EVT candidates arriving within 24 hours with a baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≥6 were identified. Hospitals were classified as TCHs (≥15 EVT case/y, stroke unit, and stroke specialists), primary stroke hospitals (PSHs) without EVT (PSHs-without-EVT, 0 case/y), and PSHs-with-EVT. Thirty-day and 1-year case-fatality rates (CFRs) were analyzed using random intercept multilevel logistic regression. Results: Out of 35 004 AIS patients, 7954 (22.7%) EVT candidates were included in this study. The average 30-day CFR was 16.3% in PSHs-without-EVT, 14.8% in PSHs-with-EVT, and 11.0% in TCHs. The average 1-year CFR was 37.5% in PSHs-without-EVT, 31.3% in PSHs-with-EVT, and 26.2% in TCHs. In TCHs, a significant reduction was not found in the 30-day CFR (odds ratio [OR], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 to 1.12), but was found in the 1-year CFR (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.96). Conclusions: The 1-year CFR was significantly reduced when EVT candidates were treated at TCHs. TCHs are not defined based solely on the number of EVTs, but also based on the presence of a stroke unit and stroke specialists. This supports the need for TCH certification in Korea and suggests that annual EVT case volume could be used to qualify TCHs.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to compare the mechanical and thermal properties in the anterior and posterior segments of new and retrieved specimens of a commercially available multizone superelastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwire. Methods: The following groups of 0.016 × 0.022-inch Bioforce NiTi archwires were compared: a) anterior and b) posterior segments of new specimens and c) anterior and d) posterior segments of retrieved specimens. Six specimens were evaluated in each group, by three-point bending and bend and free recovery tests. Bending moduli (Eb) were calculated. Furthermore, the new specimens were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. A multiple linear regression model with a random intercept at the wire level was applied for data analysis. Results: The forces in the posterior segments or new specimens were higher than those recorded in the anterior segments or retrieved specimens, respectively. Accordingly, Eb also varied. Higher austenite start and austenite finish (Af) temperatures were recorded in the anterior segments. No statistically significant differences were found for these temperatures between retrieved and new wires. The mean elemental composition was (weight percentage): Ni, 52.6 ± 0.5; Ti, 47.4 ± 0.5. Conclusions: The existence of multiple force zones was confirmed in new and retrieved Bioforce archwires. The retrieved archwires demonstrated lower forces during the initial stages of deactivation in three-point bending tests, compared with new specimens. The Af temperature of these archwires may lie higher than the regular intraoral temperature. Even at 2 mm deflections, the forces recorded from these archwires may lie beyond biologically safe limits.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.1295-1309
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 아동 건강에 미치는 환경의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 우리나라 환경부에서 구축한 경시적 자료인 CHEER 자료를 바탕으로 납의 벤치마크 용량 하한(BMDL)을 도출하여 Kim 등 (2014)의 결과를 재현하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 CHEER 자료의 2005년 동집단을 사용하였는데, 벌점화 선형 스플라인을 이용한 변환공식으로 2005년 동집단의 ADHD 평가 척도를 통일하고, 경시적 자료의 특성을 반영한 두 개의 선형혼합모형을 구축하였다. 이후 구축된 모형을 바탕으로 혈중 납 농도의 BMDL을 도출하였다. 이 과정에서 Kim 등 (2014)에서 발견한 ADHD 점수의 평균으로의 회귀 현상이 재확인되었고, 2005년 동집단과 2006년 동집단의 분포 상의 특징적 차이가 발견되었다. 결과적으로 이 차이를 감안했을 때, Kim 등 (2014)과 일치적인 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.12-28
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• 2019

도로기하구조는 교통사고를 발생시키는 다양한 요인 중 하나이지만, 동일한 도로기하구조 조건하에서도 기상상태에 따라 교통사고에 미치는 영향이 다르게 나타난다. 본 연구에서는 2001년부터 2014년까지 14년간 전국 고속도로 사고자료와 기상자료를 매칭하여 교통사고 심각도에 영향을 미치는 변수들을 분석하였다. 도로기하구조와 기상상태의 상호작용이 사고심각도에 미치는 영향뿐만 아니라, 개별사고 심각도 간의 지역별 상관성을 반영하기 위해 위계적 순서형 모형을 사용하였다. 위계적 모형 중에서도 도로기하구조와 기상상태의 상호작용 변수를 포함한 임의절편모형과 기상상태의 지역별 특성을 상위변수로 포함하는 임의계수모형을 모두 활용하였다. 분석결과 톨게이트 및 램프구간, 내리막 경사 3%이상, 콘크리트 방호벽 등이 기상상태에 따라 사고 심각도에 미치는 영향이 달라지는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 도로기하구조와 기상상태의 복합적인 영향은 강우량 또는 강설량에 선형적이지 않을 수 있음을 보여주었다. 끝으로 본 연구의 분석결과를 기반으로 안전개선 대책을 제시하였으며, 이를 토대로 향후 교통사고 심각도 감소가 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.163-182
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• 2012

This study was performed to identify the difference of the area-based deprivation and the educational level on the cerebrovascular mortality in Korea. Data used in this study was obtained from the Death Certificate Data 2000 and the 2000 Census produced by Korean National Statistics(NSO). We classified the whole country into 246 areas based on the administrative districts. Then, the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) in cerebrovascular disease was calculated according to the sex, education level and 246 areas. Its Predicted SMR was calculated by the Empirical Bayes Methods to reduce the variation of the SMR values. The area-based deprivation of 246 areas were measured using the modified Carstairs index in which the 5 indicators consisted of overcrowding, the unemployment ratio of men, the percentage of households classified low social class, the percentage of non home owners, and finally those houses lacking basic amenities. The correlation between the area-based deprivation and the SMR of the whole country and the correlation between the area-based deprivation and the SMR of each metropolitan cities or provinces was analyzed by the Pearson correlation analysis method. After classifying the deprivation of 246 areas into 5 levels, we performed the random intercept Poisson regression analysis after adjusting education level and age using Empirical Bayes Method to investigate the relationship between the 5 deprivation levels and the cerebrovascular mortality. The SMR was increased in lower education level. Each 246 areas had different values in SMR, Predicted SMR and area-based deprivation. The area-based deprivation and the SMR of the whole country was not correlated in both sexes. The education level of an individual was associated the risk of cerebrovascular mortality in men. The risk of cerebrovascular mortality increased with age compared to the reference(<30). The area-based deprivation was not associated with the risk of cerebrovascular in both sexes. The findings of this study suggest that the SMR had positive and negative correlations with area-based deprivation depending on the metropolitan cities or province. It also suggests that the individual education level and age were related with mortality and finally that the area-based deprivation was not associated to the cerebrovascular mortality in Korea.