• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the legislation types and prescriptions of American earth building codes. The process of this study is as follows: (1) To understand the legislation background of American earth building codes, this study investigated the history and present state of earth building techniques which is used in USA. (2) To understand the legislation method and procedure of American earth building codes, this study investigated the legislation system of American building codes and the process of model building codes development and adoption. (3) To provide basic data for the legislation of Korean earth building codes or guidelines, this study analyzed American earth building codes about adobe, compressed earth block and rammed earth. The result of this study is as follows: (1) To meet need of a single coordinated set of national model building codes in the United States, the nation's three model code groups decided to form the International Code Council and the first edition of the International Building Code was published in 1997. In the International Building Code there are prescriptions on adobe construction. (2) There are three legislation types of earth building codes in USA. First is to use prescriptions of International Building Code on adobe construction. Second is that State governments establish and issue a separate document under its own title. The last is that local jurisdictions adopt International Building Code with amendments or additional rules. (3) On the base of analysis of American earth building codes, this study proposed the legislation process and direction of Korean earth building codes and guidelines.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2021

Rammed earth (RE) buildings have existed all over the world for thousands of years, and have gained increasing attention because of its sustainable advantages, however, the shrinkage cracks reduce its bearing capacity and seriously affect its durability and applicability. In this study, the shrinkage cracks test was carried out to investigate the effects of initial water content, proportion of sand and gravel, compaction degree, thickness and the additives (polypropylene fiber, cement and sodium silicate) of shrinkage cracks in RE buildings, ten groups of RE samples were prepared and dried outdoors to crack. Four quantitative parameters of geometrical structure of crack patterns were used to evaluate the development of cracks. The results show that the specimens cracking behavior and the geometrical structure of crack patterns are significantly influenced by these considered factors. The formation of crack can be accelerated with the increase of initial water content and thickness of specimen, while restricted with the increase of the compaction degree and the proportion of sand and gravel. Moreover, the addition of 1% polypropylene fiber, 10% cement and 0.5 volume ratio sodium silicate can significantly restrain the form and development of cracks. In RE construction, these factors should be considered comprehensively to prevent the harm caused by shrinkage cracks. Further works should be carried out to obtain the optimum dosage of the additives, which can benefit the construction of RE buildings in future.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2004

Ecological architecture enables people to recycle and reuse architectural resources within the category of ecosystem and also to minimize the effect on environment in a whole process, including architectural planning, usage and exhaustion to use sustainable energies. Rammed earth wall construction method utilized in EcoCenter located in Crystalwaters ecological village in Austrailia is a good example, which maximizes its advantages and also covers its limits to use soil and wood as structural resources. In a case of wood, they used non-treated timber to minimize environmental load and utilized used materials in openings. In the roofs, aluminum coated steel which is plated with zinc collects rain effectively even though it is not regenerable. Nontoxic finishes and insulation in floor and ceiling with used papers are able to minimize its environmental load. Solar energy system applied in EcoCenter enables them to market extra energy with electricity companies as well as support needs of its own buildings to utilize photovoltaic panel system with PV panels. Passive solar system is planned effectively in heating and cooling to apply regenerative walls in a use of rammed earth wall construction and natural ventilation systems through openings.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.237-253
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• 2012

The Mireuksaji stone pagoda is constructed Baekje Period in the 7th century which is located in Iksan, Korea. This stone pagoda designated by National Treasure No. 11 is the only remaining pagoda. This pagoda has lost the original form in part and the whole stonework wase dismantled. Work for the restoration is currently in progress. This study was divided into soil strata such as construct layer of the temple site, foundation layer of the pagoda basement, and construct layer of the stylobate by stratum to interpretation the skill of rammed earth and making techniques. The of physical, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of soil samples were identified. Five pieces of soil in and around the Mireuksaji temple site was selected for the comparative study to interpretate the mutual homogeneity among soil stratum. As a result, artificial addition has not been identified in all soil samples using rammed earth. The soils used for the basement of the stone pagoda (construct layer of the temple site, foundation layer of the pagoda basement, construct layer of the stylobate) were confirmed to be the same origin as soil in and around Mireuksaji temple site. Thus these results indicate that the basement of the pagoda was constructed using soils in and around the Mireuksaji temple site without work as careful selection.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2017

The Jinshanling section of the Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications in northern China that was constructed for strategic military defenses. This section was first built in the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in AD 1368 and then underwent major construction, reconstruction and renovation during the late Ming Dynasty, approximately in AD 1569. The Jinshanling section is 10.5 km long, a very short section compared with the entire 21,200 km wall. The wall section is located in Luanping County, Hebei province, China. This research paper focuses on the construction methods and materials of the wall and the towers in the area. The research methodology includes site visits, knowledge acquisition of experts and 3D graphic modeling. This study reveals that the materials selected for the structure include rubbles and rammed earth, bricks, stones, timber, and mortar. The erection sequence of the wall and the towers was a bottom-up fashion using various ancient construction techniques, such as the fire-setting rock blasting techniques and the surveying techniques from the Sea Island Mathematical Manual.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.561-570
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• 2016

This research was a technical case study for the authentic restoration of the seven-storied Simgoksa stone pagoda after disassembly and reconstruction using three-dimensional image analysis. During disassembly and reconstruction, the pagoda's properties were analyzed in terms of the overall modification and displacement of the pagoda. Distortion was minimized by ensuring structural stability during the reconstruction process. Also, the original site of the pagoda was examined in order to utilize it fully during rebuilding. Before reconstruction of the pagoda, moss and lichen on the stone surfaces were removed by scientific surface cleaning. The foundation of the pagoda was reinforced with rammed earth than was similar to the original foundation using a mixture of soil and quicklime. The results are expected to provide valuable data for the reconstruction of other stone pagodas.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.748-766
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• 2021

The Iksan Ssangneung (twin tombs), a pair of tombs comprising the Daewangneung (large royal tomb) and the Sowangneung (small royal tomb), were constructed in the typical style of stone tunnel and chamber tombs in the Baekje Kingdom during the Sabi period (538 to 660 AD) of ancient Korea. Soil layers exposed during excavation of Sowangneung in a trench east of the tomb are: the bottommost layer, the ground level layer, the Panchuk (rammed earth) layer of the Baekje, the layer created by a grave robbery, and soil recovered during the Japanese colonial period. Soil samples were obtained by segmenting an easy stratigraphic horizon into sub categorized soil layers, and their material properties were analyzed; they are composed mainly of sandy loam based on the particle size distributions. In the site foundation, loamy sand is packed in the bottommost layer, and sandy loam with high sand and silty sand fills most of the overlying layer. The central and topmost portion of the Baekje layer is composed of loam with high clay content. All soil layers show geochemical behaviors similar to those of the bottommost layer. X-ray diffraction analysis verified kaolinite in all layers, also observed in soil layers displaying high crystallinity. Kaolinite and halloysite were identified by scanning electron microscopy. Thus, we conclude that the Baekje layer of the Sowangneung is composed of sandy loam containing kaolin procured from near the site. An impermeable middle to upper layer was created using viscous loam. The top of the tomb was closed tightly.