• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.379-389
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• 2010

It is very important to determine a target probability of failure in reliability based design such as an allowable factor of safety in working stress design because they are indices to judge the stability of structures. We have carried out reliability analyses of nationwide gravity type quay walls and found that sliding and foundation failures of quay walls were dominant failure modes for every case of loads. And a target probability of failure for bearing capacity of foundation of quay wall was also determined in this study. Of several approaches which have been suggested until now, a couple of reasonable approaches were used. Firstly, in order to consider the safety margin of structures which have been executed so far, the reliability levels of existing structures were assessed. And then a mean probability of failure for the quay walls was estimated. In addition, life cycle cost(LCC) analyses for representative structures were performed. Probabilities of failure for several quay walls were calculated with changing the width of each quay wall section. LCC of quay wall which is requiring case by case during the service life was evaluated, and also the optimum probability of failure of quay wall which minimizes LCC was found. Finally, reasonable target probabilities of failure were suggested by comparing with mean probability of failure of existing structures.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2003년도 춘계 학술발표회논문집
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• pp.148-156
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• 2003

Shaking table tests and pseudo-static analysis were performed, in this study, on newly-designed aseismatic L-type caisson quay walls, which were constructed by extending the bottom plate of gravity quay walls into the backfill soil. The L-type quay walls are expected to give economical benefits by reducing the cross-sectional area of the wall while maintaining its aseismatic efficiency as much as the classical caisson gravity quay wall. To confirm the effectiveness of the L-type structure, the geometry of L-type quay walls were varied for shaking table tests. And, to verify the influence of backfill soils on the seismic behavior of quay walls, additional shaking table tests were performed on the L-type quay wall after the backfill soils were replaced by gravels and light materials. As a result, it was found that L-type caisson quay walls are good earthquake resistant structures but increasing the length of bottom plate did not proportionally increase the effectiveness of the structure in its aseismatic performance. Replacing the backfill soils by the gravels and light materials, contrary to our expectation, was not an effective measure in improving the seismic performance of L-type caisson quay wall.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2007

최근 가치공학과 생애주기비용 분석의 중요성이 대두됨에 따라 항만구조물의 VE/LCC(Value Engineering/Life Cyccle Cost) 분석에 대한 연구개발이 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 반면에 항만구조물의 생애주기비용 산정과 가치분석의 실무 적용에 있어 이론적 모델과 표준지침 및 소프트웨어 등이 정립되어있지 않기 때문에 분석자에 따라 일관성과 전문성에 한계를 나타내고 있다. 특히 생애주기비용의 분석에 있어 현행의 확정론적 방법으로는 파괴손실비용의 산정이 어렵기 때문에 퍼지 신뢰성해석에 따라 파기확률을 파괴손실비용에 반영할 수 있는 확률론적 방법의 도입이 반드시 필요한 실정이다 따라서 본 연구에서는 안벽구조물의 설계에 있어 대안별 열화성능 차원의 설계를 수행하도록 유도하기 위하여 퍼지신뢰성 이론에 기초한 확률론적 VE/LCC 분석모델을 제안하였으며, 제안된 분석모델의 신뢰성과 활용성을 향상시키기 위한 측면에서 실제 대상 구조물에 적용하였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 방법론은 향후 다양한 분야의 설계 및 유지관리단계에서의 생애주기 비용과 가치분석의 의사결정에 활용되어질 것으로 사료된다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.447-463
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• 2021

Caisson-type structures are widely used as quay walls in coastal areas. In Korea, for a long time, many caisson-type quay walls have been constructed with a low front water depth. These facilities can no longer meet the requirements of current development. This study developed a new technology for deepening existing caisson-type quay walls using grouting and rubble mound excavation to economically reuse them. With this technology, quay walls could be renovated by injecting grout into the rubble mound beneath the front toe of the caisson to secure its structure. Subsequently, a portion of the rubble mound was excavated to increase the front water depth. This paper reports the results of an investigation of the seismic behavior of a renovated quay wall in comparison to that of an existing quay wall using centrifuge tests and numerical simulations. Two centrifuge model tests at a scale of 1/120 were conducted on the quay walls before and after renovation. During the experiments, the displacements, accelerations, and earth pressures were measured under five consecutive earthquake input motions with increasing magnitudes. In addition, systematic numerical analyses of the centrifuge model tests were also conducted with the PLAXIS 2D finite element (FE) program using a nonlinear elastoplastic constitutive model. The displacements of the caisson, response accelerations, deformed shape of the quay wall, and earth pressures were investigated in detail based on a comparison of the numerical and experimental results. The results demonstrated that the motion of the caisson changed after renovation, and its displacement decreased significantly. The comparison between the FE models and centrifuge test results showed good agreement. This indicated that renovation was technically feasible, and it could be considered to study further by testbed before applying in practice.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 항만구조물의 성능기반 내진설계 도입을 위해서 액상화를 포함하는 비선형 유효응력해석기법의 검증을 실시하였다. 중력식 케이슨안벽의 지진시 거동에 대해서 수치해석의 결과는 동적원심모형시험의 결과와 원형스케일로 직접 검증되었다. 중력식 안벽의 모형은 강성토조내에 지진시 과잉간극수압의 증가가 발생하는 포화 사질토 지반위에 조성되었으며, 원심가속도 60g하에서 높이 10m, 폭 6m의 케이슨 안벽을 묘사할 수 있다. 원심모형시험의 원형스케일과 동일하게 2차원 평면 변형율 조건하에서 비선형 유효응력 수치해석 모델을 구성하였다. 지반의 비선형 거동모델과 함께 Byrne의 액상화 모델을 사용하였으며, 경계요소를 적용하여 안벽과 지반의 분리거동을 묘사하였다. 검증결과, 안벽의 잔류변위를 포함하여 지반 및 안벽의 수평가속도와 안벽기초 하부 사질토 지반의 과잉간극수압 증가양상 모두 유사한 결과를 나타내었다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.403-413
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• 2021

As the size of ships increases, the size and output power of their thrusters also increase. When a large ship berths or unberths, the jet flow produced from its thruster has an adverse effect on the stability of quay walls. In this study, we conducted a numerical analysis to examine the impact of the thruster jet flow of a 30,000 TEU container ship, which is expected to be built in the near future, on the stability of a quay wall. In the numerical simulation, we used the fluid-structure interaction analysis technique of LS-DYNA, which is calculated by the overlapping capability using an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation and Euler-Lagrange coupling algorithm with an explicit finite element method. As the ship approached the quay wall and the vertical position of the thruster approached the mound of the quay wall, the jet flow directly affected the foot-protection blocks and armor stones. The movement and separation of the foot-protection blocks and armor stones were confirmed in the area affected directly by the thruster jet flow of the container ship. Therefore, the thruster jet flows of ultra-large ships must be considered when planning and designing ports. In addition, the stability of existing port structures must be evaluated.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.401-412
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• 2016

On Tuesday, January 17, 1995, an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 struck the Port of Kobe. In effect, the port was practically destroyed. After a hazard investigation, researchers reached a consensus to adopt a performance-based design in port and harbor structures in Japan. A residual displacement of geotechnical structures after an earthquake is one of the most important engineering demands in performance-based earthquake-resistant design. Thus, it is essential to provide reliable responses of geotechnical structures after an earthquake through various techniques. Today, a nonlinear explicit response history analysis(NERHA) of geotechnical structures is the most efficient way to achieve this goal. However, verification of the effective stress analysis, including post liquefaction behavior, is difficult to perform at a laboratory scale. This study aims to rigorously verify the NERHA by using well-defined field measurements, existing numerical tools, and constitutive models. The man-made, Port Island, in Kobe provides intensive hazard investigation data, strong motion records of 1995 Kobe earthquake, and sufficient engineering parameters of the soil. Two dimensional numerical analysis was conducted on the caisson quay wall section at Port Island subjected to the 1995 Kobe earthquake. The analysis result matches very well with the hazard investigation data. The NERHA procedure presented in this paper can be used in further studies to explain and examine the effects of other factors on the seismic behavior of gravity quay walls in liquefiable soil areas.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2017

Pseudo-static approach has been conventionally applied for the design of gravity quay walls. In this method, the decision to select an appropriate seismic coefficient ($k_h$) is an important one, since $k_h$ is a key variable for computing an equivalent pseudo-static inertia force. Nonetheless, there is no unified standard for defining $k_h$. Likewise, port structure designers in Korea have a difficulty in choosing an appropriate $k_h$ definition, as there are conflicts in how $k_h$ is defined between the existing seismic code of port structures and the proposed new one. In this research, various seismic design codes for port structures were analyzed to compare the definitions of the seismic coefficient. The results were used for the proposing a unified seismic coefficient definition. Further, two dynamic centrifuge tests were performed with different wall heights (5 m, 15 m) to clarify the reference point of peak acceleration used in determination of $k_h$ according to the wall height. Results from dynamic centrifuge experiments showed that correction factors for the peak ground acceleration considering both the wall height and allowable displacement are needed to calculate $k_h$.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.412-421
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• 2013

최근 서해안 등지에서 중소규모 지진이 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 이러한 지진에 의한 항만 구조물의 손상 및 파괴는 국가 경제에 큰 피해를 유발할 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 지진에 대비하기 위한 내진 설계 및 지진 경보시스템 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 항만 지진 피해 예측 시스템에 입력치 제공을 위한 부산 및 인천항의 안벽 구조물의 지진 취약도 해석을 수행하였다. 해석 대상은 부산 및 인천항의 잔교식, Caisson식, 부벽식, 블록식 안벽을 각각 4가지 Case를 해석하였으며 기능수행수준 및 붕괴방지수준에 대하여 변위기반 지진취약도 해석을 수행하였고 해석결과를 다른 항만의 안벽에도 적용할 수 있도록 회귀분석하였다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2018

Pseudo-static approach has been conventionally applied for the design of gravity type quay walls. In this method, seismic coefficient ($k_h$), expressed in terms of acceleration due to gravity, is used to convert the real dynamic behavior to an equivalent pseudo-static inertial force for seismic analysis and design. Therefore, the calculation of an appropriate $k_h$ considering frequency characteristics of input earthquake is critical for representing the real dynamic behavior. However, the definitions of $k_h$, which is used for simplified analysis in Korea, focuses only on convenience that is easy to use, and the frequency characteristics of input earthquake are not reflected in the $k_h$ definitions. This paper evaluates the influences of the frequency characteristics of input earthquake on $k_h$ by initially reviewing the $k_h$ definitions in the existing codes of Japan for port structures and then by performing a series of dynamic centrifuge tests on caisson gravity quay walls of different earthquake input motions (Ofunato, Hachinohe). A review of the existing codes and guidelines has shown that the $k_h$ values are differently estimated according to the frequency characteristics of input earthquake. On the other hand, based on the centrifuge tests, it was found that the permanent displacements of wall are more induced when long-period-dominant earthquake is applied.