• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한예방의학회 1994년도 교수 연수회(환경)
• /
• pp.412-415
• /
• 1994

The fundamental assumption that thresholds exist for noncarcinogenic toxic effects of chemicals is reviewed; this assumption forms the basis for the no-observed-effect level/ safety-factor (NOEL/SF) approach to risk assessment for such effects. The origin and evolution of the NOEL/SF approach are traced, and its limitations are discussed. The recently proposed use of dose-response modeling to estimate a benchmark dose as a replacement for the NOEL is explained. The possibility of expanding dose-response modeling of non carcinogenic effects to include the estimation of assumed thresholds is discussed. A new method for conversion of quantitative toxic responses to a probability scale for risk assessment via dose-response modeling is outlined.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제17권E2호
• /
• pp.43-51
• /
• 2001

A report by the national research council in the United States suggested that many lung cancer deaths each year be associated with breathing radon in indoor air. Most of the indoor radon comes directly from soil beneath the basement of foundations. Recently, radon released from groundwater is found to contribute to the total inhalation risk from indoor air. This study presents the quantitative assessment of human exposures to radon released from the groundwater into indoor air. At first, a three-compartment model is developed to describe the transfer and distribution of radon released from groundwater in a house through showering, washing clothes, and flushing toilets. Then, to estimate a daily human exposure through inhalation of such radon for an adult. a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic(PBPK) model is developed. The use of a PBPK model for the inhaled radon could provide useful information regarding the distribution of radon among the organs of the human body. Indoor exposure patterns as input to the PBPK model are a more realistic situation associated with indoor radon pollution generated from a three-compartment model describing volatilization of radon from domestic water into household air. Combining the two models for inhaled radon in indoor air can be used to estimate a quantitative human exposure through the inhalation of indoor radon for adults based on two sets of exposure scenarios. The results obtained from the present study would help increase the quantitative understanding of risk assessment issues associated with the indoor radon released from groundwater.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.40-47
• /
• 2020

Although gangform has good workability due to the integration of outer wall forms and working platforms, 22 workers were died from 21 gangform related accidents during 2012 to 2016. Quantitative risk assessment is required for evident based prevention measure selection. In this study, based on 52 accident data from 2004 to the first half of 2019, FTA is conducted for probabilities of direct causes and their contribution to accidents. Three stages are considered; gangform installation, dismantling and lifting, and using. The effectiveness of countermeasures is evaluated through minimum cut set, RAW and RRW. Complete assembly of gangform on the ground level, detailed planning, and fall prevention device are suggested as prevention measures for installation, dismantling and lifting, and using stages, respectively.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제18권6호
• /
• pp.32-39
• /
• 2014

화학공장은 위험물질을 다량으로 취급하고 있어 안전시스템의 신뢰성을 확보할 수 있도록 시스템을 구축하는 것은 화학공정 설계 시 고려할 기본적 사항이다. 그러나 화학공정의 안전성을 확보하기 위해 안전시스템의 신뢰성을 지나치게 강조할 경우 상대적으로 생산시스템의 신뢰성은 떨어질 수 있다. 화학공정은 일정한 수준 이상의 안전성을 확보한 상태에서 안전시스템의 신뢰성과 생산시스템의 신뢰성을 균형 있게 유지하는 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 정량적 데이터를 근거로 화학공정의 안전성과 생산성을 동시에 확보할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 화학공장에 널리 사용되고 있는 가열로공정을 선정하여 정량적 위험성평가를 실시하였다. 정량적 위험성평가기법으로는 안전시스템과 생산시스템을 구분하여 각각의 시스템에 대해 신뢰도평가가 가능한 유향그래프 분석기법을 사용하였다. 정량적 위험성평가 결과 가열로공정은 온도감지기(TT)와 압력감지기(PT)를 각각 3개 설치하여 2개가 일정한 값 이상을 나타낼 때 안전시스템이 작동하도록 가열로공정을 구축하는 것이 안전성과 생산성을 동시에 확보할 수 있는 최적의 화학공정 시스템 설계 조건임을 확인하였다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.193-202
• /
• 2005

본 논문에서는 침몰선박이 보유하고 있는 모든 위해요인을 체계적으로 규명하고, 위해요인으로 인한 손실정도를 정량적으로 산출하여 효과적이고 일관된 침몰선박 관리와 과학적이고 경제적인 침몰선박 처리 의사결정에 활용할 수 있는 침몰선박 위해도 평가모델 및 정보시스템의 개발내용을 소개하고자 한다.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.41-48
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 기존의 CNG충전소에 복합으로 수소충전소를 건설하는 형태의 수소-CNG 복합충전소에 대한 정량적 위험성평가를 수행하였다. 수소충전소와 CNG충전소에서 발생할 수 있는 사고시나리오를 도출하고 각 시나리오에 대한 사고발생빈도를 고려하여 개인적, 사회적 위험도를 계산하였다. 위험성평가 결과 사회적 위험도는 허용가능 범위에 들어 왔으나, 개인적 위험도에 있어서는 일부 지역에서 허용범위를 벗어나는 구간이 발생하였고, 위험성기여도 분석을 통해 고위험요소를 발굴하였다. 수소-CNG 복합충전소에서는 CNG 저장용기, 압축기, 제어 판넬에서 대규모 누출이 발생할 경우 높은 위험도를 보이게 되며 충전소 전체 위험도의 약 88%를 기여하게 된다. 따라서 이러한 고 위험요소에 대하여는 주기적이고 집중적인 안전관리가 이루어져야 한다.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.494-501
• /
• 2009

Probabilistic Ecological risk assessment (PERA) is extensive approach to qualify and quantify risk on the multi species based on species sensitivity distribution (SSD). As a while, deterministic ecological risk assessment (DERA) considers the comparison of predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) and predicted exposure concentration (PEC). DERA is used to determine if there is potential risk or no risk, and it doesn't consider the nature variability and the species sensitivity. But PERA can be more realistic and reasonable approach to estimate likelihood or risk. In this study, we compared PERA used in developed countries, and proposed PERA applicable for the Korean water environment. Taxonomic groups were classified as "class" level including Actinopterygill, Branchiopoda, Chlorophyceae, Maxillapoda, Insects, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Secernentea, Polychaeta, Monocotyldoneae, and Chanophyceae in this study. Statistical extrapolation method (SEM), statistical extrapolation method $_{acutechronicratio}$ ($SEM_{ACR}$) and assessment factor method (AFM) were used to calculate the ecological protective concentration based on qualitative and quantitative levels of taxonomic toxicity data. This study would be useful to establish the PERA for the protection of aquatic ecosystem in Korea.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.69-73
• /
• 2011

Food borne pathogens are a growing concern for human health and food safety throughout the world. Milk and dairy products are commonly associated with spoilage or contamination from a wide variety of physical, microbial, and chemical hazardous. Microbiological risk analysis consists of three components: risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication, and overall objective of this process is ultimately public health protection. The microbiological risk assessment is useful tool to evaluate food safety as it is based on a scientific approach. In addition risk assessment process includes quantitative estimation of the probability of occurrence of microbial hazards to evaluate more accurate human exposure. The aim of this study is to review the microbiological risk assessment on the prevalence of bacterial foodborne pathogens in milk and dairy products.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.78-88
• /
• 2021

The annual consumption of fishery products, particularly sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi), per person has steadily increased in South Korea. However, the quantitative risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus following intake of sea squirt has not been analyzed. This study focuses on quantitative predictions of the probability of consuming sea squirt and getting of V. parahaemolyticus foodborne illness. The prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in sea squirt was evaluated, and the time spent by sea squirt in transportation vehicles, market displays, and home refrigerators, in addition to the temperature of each of these, were recorded. The data were fitted to the @RISK program to obtain a probability distribution. Predictive models were developed to determine the fate of V. parahaemolyticus under distribution conditions. A simulation model was prepared based on experimental data, and a dose-response model for V. parahaemolyticus was prepared using data from literature to estimate infection risk. V. parahaemolyticus contamination was detected in 6 of 35 (17.1%) sea squirt samples. The daily consumption quantity of sea squirt was 62.14 g per person, and the consumption frequency was 0.28%. The average probability of V. parahaemolyticus foodborne illness following sea squirt consumption per person per day was 4.03 × 10^-9. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of foodborne illness caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus following sea squirt consumption in South Korea.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제35권6호
• /
• pp.552-560
• /
• 2020

L. monocytogenes는 고병원성 식중독 세균으로 치즈, 식육 및 식육가공품, 훈제연어 등을 통해 식중독을 일으킨다. 현재 국내 식품공전 상 치즈에서는 L. monocytogenes에 대하여 불검출 기준을 적용하고 있으나, 이에 대한 과학적 근거가 확실하지 않고 L. monocytogenes 식중독에 대한 국민의 경각심을 일깨우기 위하여 기존에 수행된 연구들을 토대로 위해평가를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 치즈에 L. monocytogenes의 초기오염수준은 -4.0 Log CFU/g으로 확인되었다. 2018년 국민건강영양조사 결과 치즈의 섭취자 비율은 11.8%이고, 치즈 섭취량에 대한 최적확률분포는 Lognormal distribution이며 평균 32.5 g의 치즈를 섭취하는 것으로 확인되었다. 치즈 섭취로 인한 L. monocytogenes 식중독 발생 가능성은 일반군에서 평균 5.09×10-7, 민감군에서 평균 4.32×10-6로 분석되어, 민감군에서의 식중독 발생 가능성이 다소 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 식중독 발생 가능성에는 섭취자 비율이 가장 큰 영향을 미치지만 보관 및 운송 시간 또한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되어 유통환경에 대한 철저한 관리가 중요한 것으로 사료된다. 본 위해평가를 통하여 치즈에서의 L. monocytogenes의 기준규격을 뒷받침 할 수 있는 과학적인 데이터를 확보할 수 있었다. 향후 다양한 식품에서의 L. monocytogenes 위해평가 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.