• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.71-73
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• 2006

A 7-month-old female Shih-tzu dog was presented with intermittent trembling, dyspnea, generalized muscle weakness, and unconsciousness after exercise. No remarkable findings were shown in the complete blood counts and the radiographic examination. On serum biochemical profiles, alkaline phosphatase and creatine phosphokinase were mildly elevated. Based on history takings, physical examination, and neurological findings, presumptive diagnosis was made as a myasthenia gravis (MG). Clinical signs of this patient were dramatically improved after administration of neostigmine. The result of acetylcholine receptor antibody test in serum was 0.89 nmol/L and the histopathology of muscle were normal. Clinical sign of the patient evaluated in this study is stabilized with long-term administration of pyridostigmine at this time. This case report here describes clinical and clinicopathological findings of a juvenile onset acquired MG in a Shih-tzu dog.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.144-150
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• 2021

This study was designed to evaluate the prophylactic efficacy of a combinational patch system containing physostigmine and procyclidine against sarin and soman using guinea pig. The median lethal dose values of two nerve agents were calculated by a probit analysis of deaths occurring within 24 h. In this study, the values of median lethal dose of sarin and soman were determined to be 33.0 and 26.7 ㎍/kg in guinea-pigs, respectively. The guinea pigs treated with a prophylactic patch(4×5 ㎠) for 24 h were 100 % protected against a challenge of 1.5 LD50. The combinational KMARK-1(atropine and 2-PAM) and prophylactic patch were more effective than a single KMARK-1, a combination of pyridostigmine and KMARK-1 significantly. Epileptiform seizures in the guinea pigs treated with the combinational antidotes led to neuropathological changes, in comparison with intact feature of brain of the animal treated with the patch.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.348-358
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• 2008

Objective : The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the anti-diarrhea effects of Jisa-tang using mice and guinea pigs. Methods : We feed Jisa-tang to mice and guinea pigs to investigate its effects for anti-diarrhea action. We observed its actions on gastrointestinal smooth muscles, on the transportability of small and large intestines, on diarrhea induced by castor oil and magnesium sulfate, and on enteropooling by castor oil and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$. Results : 1. Jisa-tang showed alleviation, depending on the density, only on the contraction of mice's gastrointestinal smooth muscles induced by histamine. 2. The transportability of the small intestine was not significantly constrained by Jisa-tang. However, the enhancement of pyridostigmine-induced transportability of he small intestine was significantly constrained in the group administered 900mg/kg of Jisa-tang (p<0.05). 3. The transportability of large intestine was significantly constrained in the group administered 1,800mg/kg of Jisa-tang. 4. Jisa-tang showed significant anti-diarrhea effects on diarrhea induced by castor oil and by $MgSO_4$ in the group administered 1,800mg/kg of Jisa-tang. 5. Significant reduction of effects of enteropooling induced by caster oil and by prostaglandin $E_2$ were observed only in the group administered 1,800mg/kg of Jisa-tang. Conclusions : We conclude that Jisa-tang has advantageous effects on drug-induced diarrhea and will contribute to the development of diarrhea treatment through further related studies.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2001

The incidence and distribution of necrotic and apoptotic neural cells, and activated astrocytes in the brain of rats intoxicated intra peritoneally with diisopropylfluorophosphate were investigated. Pyridostigmine bromide (0.1 mg/kg) and atropine methylnitrate (20 mg/kg) were pretreated intramuscularly 30 min and 10 min, respectively, prior to diisopropylfluorophosphate (4-10 mg/kg) administration. Diisopropylfluorophosphate induced severe limbic seizures, early necrotic and delayed apoptotic brain injuries, and rapid astrocytic responses. The necrosis, which was closely related to seizure intensity, was observed as early as 1 hr after intoxication predominently in hippocampal pyramidal cells, cerebellar Purkinje cells and neurons in pyriform/entorhinal cortices, showing malacia of neurophils. In contrast, apoptosis started to appear 12 hr after intoxication in neurons in thalamus, amygdala and neocortex, and ephendymal cells surrounding the 4th ventricle. Since marked apoptosis was induced in rats exhibiting relatively-low seizure intensity, the degree of necrosis and apoptosis was shifted to each type of injury according to the seizure intensity. Activated astrocytes, observed within 1 hr along the limbic system, were suggested to affect the neural injury patterns by producing high level of nitric oxide. However, the distribution of activated astrocytes was not in parallel with those of necrotic or apoptotic injuries, implying that the astrocytic responses resulted from seizure activity rather than neural injuries. Furthermore, astrocytes in malacic tissues disappeared during the severe limbic seizures. Therefore, it would be one of the cautionary notes on the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes as a biochemical marker of brain injuries following acute exposure to organophosphates.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 2000

The antidotal, anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of physostigmine and procyclidine. the combinational prophylactics for organophosphate poisoning, were evaluated in rats. In comparison with a low protective effect (1.6 fold) of atropine (15 mg/kg) and 2-pralidoxime (30 mg/kg), the traditional antidotes regimen, a marked protection ratio of 7.3 fold was achieved by combinational pretreatment with physostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) and procyclidine (10 mg/kg), which was superior to that (3.5 fold) with pyri-dostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) and atropine (15 mg/kg). Rats exposed to a high dose (10 mg/kg. 2 X $LD_{50}$) of diisopropylfluorophosphate showed severe epileptiform seizures on electroencephalography, resulting in necrotic and apoptotic brain injuries in discrete brain regions under histopathological and TUNEL immuno-histochemical examinations in 24 hr. Such seizures and excitotoxic brain injuries were fully prevented by pretreatment with physostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) and procyclidine (10 mg/kg). in contrast to a negligible effect of pyridostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) and atropine (15 mg/kg). Taken together, it is proposed that the prophylactics composed of physostigmine and procyclidine could be a promising regimen for the prevention of lethality, seizures and brain injuries induced by organophosphate poisoning.