• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2003

Transgenic tobacco plants were selected by using the transformation of putrescine N-methyltransferase(PMT) gene, the key enzyme in diverting polyamine metabolism towards the biosynthesis of nicotine. PMT was fused in reverse orientation to the CaMV 35S promoter of the plant expression vector pBTEX(pPAB3) to produce tobacco plants of low nicotine content. To compare nicotine content, only pBTEX vector and PMT gene which was fused in forward orientation to the CaMV 35S promoter(pPAB2) were also transformed to the leaf tobacco plants(Nicotiana tabacum cv. NC82 and N. tabacum cv. Br2l). The presence of sense- and antisense-PMT gene, and pBTEX vector in the transgenic plant was confirmed by genomic PCR.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1984

Kinetin(4.7$\times$10\ulcornerM) and 6-benzylaminopurine (2.2$\times$10\ulcornerM) were found to increase ca. 1.5-fold putrescice content in corn grown in medium containing kinetin and 6-benzylaminopurine(6-BAP) for 3days whereas kinetin was found to decrase ca. 30% spermidine and spermine, respectively. KCI (3$\times$10\ulcornerM) was found to decrease more than 50% putrescine content. After germination, ornithine decarboxylase activity was observed to increase constantly whereas arginine decarboxylase activity remained constant, suggesting involvement in putrescine biosynthesis. 6-benzylaminopurine was shown to increase more activities of arginine ornithine decarboxylase than kinetin when they were added to medium.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1990

Changes in polamine titers during shoot differentiation in Cymbidium sp. (Jungfrau) protocorms were studied in order to investigate the mechanism of shoot differentiation by using auxin-inhibitors(PCIB, TIBA), hormones(GA3, ABA, BA), and phenolic compounds (2,4-dichlorophenol, catechol). The shoot differentiation and propagation of protocorms were promoted by PCIB or 2,4-dichlorophenol, and the growth of differentiated shoot were promoted by TIBA or catechol. In BA-treated protocorms, white or brown protocorms were observed. Putrescine was the most abundant polyamine during the propagation and differentiation processes. As compared with putrescine, spermidine did not show significant changes and spermine was not detected at all. Putrescine titers decreased after a temporary increase, and then again increased in the presence of GA3, ABA, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and then again increased in the presence of GA3, ABA, 2,4-dichlorophenol, catechol, or PCIB. But, in BA-treated protocorms, putrescine level was much lower than spermidine.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.533-538
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• 1992

The generation time of Methylobacterium extorquens AMI growing on methanol at pH 5.5 and 7.0 was found to be 23 hand 8.3 h. respectively. The bacterium grown at pH 7.0 were found to contain more amounts of spermidine and putrescine than the cell grown at pH 5.5. Cells grown at both conditions exhibited strong methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) activity at the mid-exponential growth phase. The amounts of MDH. however. were found to be almost equal through all gro~1h phases. Cells growing at the stationary phase contained large amounts of cytochrome c. The cytochrome c content was higher in cells growing at pH 7.0 than the cells growing at pH 5.5. Cells growing at pH 5.5 in the presence of putrescine or spermidine contained increased amounts of putrescine. The level of spermine, however. was decreased and that of spermidine was not changed. Spermine added into the medium was found to have no effect on the level of cellular polyamines. Putrescine or spermidine added into the medium stimulated MDH and hydroxypyruvate reductase activities. but did not affect the contents of MDH and cytochrome c. It was found that preincubation of cell-free extracts with polyamines does not stimulate MDH and hydroxypyruvate reductase activities.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.55-71
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• 1995

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds were used to study a possible relationship between strontium and polyamines (PAs) in the coleoptile, root, and endosperm during germination. When $Sr^{2+}$ (0.001 mM + 10 mM) was applied to the incubation medium with $10\;{\mu}M$ $GA_3$, great increases in putrescine (Put) were observed in root and spermidine (Spd) in the coleoptile, depending on the concentration. In germinating seeds, putrescine accumulation was induced even at a low concentration (0.01 mM Sr), whereas spermidine accumulation was stimulated considerably at a high concentration (10 mM Sr). The putrescine levels, on a gram fresh weight (g-fr-wt) basis, in the roots which were growth-inhibited by 1 and 10 mM $Sr^{2+}$ were 22.4 and 15.3 fold higher respectively than at the same concentrations of $Ca^{2+}$. The accumulation of total polyamine (TA), in particular Put and Spd, induced by Sr seemed to be an important physiological response not only on a g fr wt basis but also on an RNA basis. In contrast, the levels of agmatine (Agm) and cadaverine (Cad) were notably enhanced by 10 mM $Ca^{2+}$ in the coleoptile and root. Cadaverine was detected only in $Ca^{2+}-treated$ seedlings. However, $Ca^{2+}-treatment$ in the range of 0.001 mM to 1.0 mM resulted in reduction of TA content. The distinction of accumulated polyamines and the change in diamine (DA) / TA and tri- and tertiary (tPA) / TA ratios were likely to be a physiological difference between $Sr^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ during germination in wheat.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2012

We examined the effects of polyamines such as putrescine and cadaverine on the biosynthesis and secretion of insulin in the mouse pancreatic ${\beta}$-cell line, MIN-6. Basal insulin secretion (BIS) and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from the MIN-6 cells were significantly increased by 20 min- or 24 h-treatment with micromolar concentrations of polyamines. To determine whether the enhancement was due to increase of insulin production by polyamines, we investigated the insulin mRNA and protein production. Both insulin mRNA and protein production were found to be not significantly affected by the polyamine treatment. Next, we examined the expression of several transcription factors (TFs) related to insulin synthesis and secretion in order to identify upstream events responsible for the promotion of insulin secretion of MIN6 cells by polyamines. Of the 6 TFs tested, MafA was induced by treatment of polyamines. MafA mRNA and protein expressions increased with treatment of polyamines. Overall results suggest that cadaverine and putrescine promote the insulin secretion process rather than the insulin biosynthesis from MIN6 cells. Also MafA may be involved in the enhanced insulin secretion process. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for promotion of insulin secretion by polyamines.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.253-257
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• 1999

Effects of polyamines such as cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine and spermine on the self-splicig inhibition of the T4 phage thymidylate synthase(td) intron by spectinomycin have been investrigated. Without polyamine 7mM spectinomycin caused 40% reduction of the splicing rate. Cadaverine reduced the splicing rate over the concentrations of 0.1 to 5 mM. Putrescine at 0.5 mM increased the splicing rate by 13%. Spermidine at 0.5 mM enhanced the splicing rate by 11% while spermine at 0.01 mM enhanced the splicing rate by 16%. Of the all polyamines tested, spermine exhibited the maximum activation effect to counteract the splicing inhibition by spectinomycin. This effect appears to be due to the role of polyamine in stabilizing the conformation of td intron ribozyme essential for the catalytic function.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 1995

Agmatine iminohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.12) catalyzes the hydrolysis of agmatine into putrescine. The enzyme seems to be one of the critical enzymes in putrescine biosynthesis. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer by combined method of ammonium sulfate 1 fractionation, DEAR anion exchange column, hydroxyapatite column and agmatine carboxyhexyl Sepharose 4B affinity column. The molecular weight estimated by native pore gadient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 71, 000 Dalton, while that estimated by SDS-PAGE was 70, 000 Dalton, indicating a monomeric enzyme. The optimal pH and temperature were 9.0 and 37$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The Km and 1 Vmax for agmatine were 8.3 mM and 14.4 nmole/hr, respectively. Heat stability of this enzyme was high. The enzyme was observed to be inhibited by polyamines such as putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine. Especially, putrescine was a potent inhibitor of the purified enzyme. These results suggest that polyamines could be important in growth regulation of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.415-421
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• 2020

This study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for the treatment of polyamine to promote pollen germination and improve the fruiting rate by overcoming fertilization defects in low-temperature strawberry cultivation. The optimum temperature for pollen germination of strawberries was 30 ℃ for Seolhyang and 25 ℃ for Maehyang, and Seolhyang had a higher pollen germination rate than that of Maehyang. The addition of polyamines, namely spermine and putrescine to the medium improved the pollen germination rate and spermine treatment showed a better effect than putrescine treatment. The proper polyamine type and treatment concentration for enhancing the potency of pollen germination was 500 μM of spermine for both Seolhyang and Maehyang, which improved the pollen germination rate by 19-23% compared with that of the control. However, combined treatment of spermine and putrescine, resulted in a lower germination rate lower than that of the single treatment. Our results indicated that the treatment of polyamines during flowering in protected cultivation of strawberrise can improve the fruiting rate by overcoming the problem of poor pollen germination due to low temperature.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 2008

Biogenic amines are naturally occurring anti-nutrition factors. They are causative agents in food poising episodes and act as catalysts to allergic reactions. The most commonly occurring biogenic amines in foods are: Histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, tryptamine, ${\beta}$-phenylethylamine, spermine, spermidine and agmatine. The objective of this study was to identify changes and content levels of specific biogenic amines at selected storage temperatures $20{^{\circ}C}$, $4{^{\circ}C}$, and $-25{^{\circ}C}$, respectively. This study will focus on histamine, cadaverine, and putrescine concentrations in the following dark-fleshed fishes: Mackerel (Scomber japonicus), Horse Mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), Mackerel Pike (Cololabis saira), and Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius). Biogenic amines were determined using a method based on an extraction procedure described in the derivatisation and HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The the recovery rate of individual amines was higher than those found in ion exchange chromatography. The results from the dark fleshed fish stability trial showed that high content of histamine (cadaverine and putrescine) were produced within a short period of time at $20{^{\circ}C}$. Fish stored at lower temperatures $4{^{\circ}C}$, showed lower content of biogenic amines. At $-25{^{\circ}C}$ the production of histamine, cadaverine and putrescine did not initiate until after day 100. All fish recorded the content of histamine below 1 mg/kg with the exception of the Horse Mackerel.