• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.144-152
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• 1998

Changes of biological components in haemolymph of Helicoverpa assulta Guenee were investigated during the development and pupae of cold-stress periods. Protein content was the highest in the larval stage, whereas it showed somewhat lower level at the cold-stressed pupae. The level of free amino acids was high in the larval and adult stages. Althougth decresed in pupal stage, the level of free amino acid remarkably increased at the cold-stressed pupae. Total lipids were a little increased at the pupal stage, after small quantity decreased in I-day old adults, and then remarkably decreased at the cold-stressed pupae. Glycogen was increased at the pupal stage, and somewhat decreased in the stage of adult, but remarkably decreased at the cold-stressed pupae. From thin layer chromatographic analysis, glucose was detected in small quantity at 1-day old pupae, one-day old adults, and cold-stressed pupae, respectively. Each .activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases was the highest in the 1 and 7-day old pupae, respectively, and both enzyme activities were increased about two-fold compared to the activity in the cold-stressed pupae. A total of 2 phosphatase isozymes were observed in throughout the developmental stage, and a new isozyme specific to cold-stressed pupae was identified.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.286-293
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• 1990

Studies were carried out to investigate the change in protiens and carbohydrates from diapausing pupae of the Oriental tobacco budworm, Heliothis assulta Guenee. The oxygen consumption rate of non-diapausing pupae through the whole pupal period showed an U-shaped curve, while that of diapausing pupae decreased to a mean level of 20$\mu$1/g/hr. But the rate of oxygen consumption increased in diapausing pupae before their emergence. The body weight of diapausing pupae showed almost no change during 12 days after pupation. The total contents of major carbohydrates and soluble proteins were higher in diapausing pupae than those in non-diapausing pupae and the change in carbohydrate and protein contents was more dynamic in non-diapausing pupae than that of diapausing pupae. the electrophoretic band patterns of proteins were similar in both of diapausing and non-diapausing pupae. Diapausing pupae increased their haemolmph osmolarity further when they were exposed to low temperatures.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.351-359
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of meat batters prepared with fresh pork meat, back fat, water, and salt and formulated with three different amounts (5%, 10%, and 15%) of silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) powder and transglutaminase (TG). Meat batters formulated with silkworm pupae powder showed significantly higher contents of protein and ash than control batter. Addition of silkworm pupae to batter also showed significantly lower cooking loss than the control. Moreover, meat batter containing 15% silkworm pupae showed no significant difference in redness value compared to the control. In addition, pH, viscosity, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness were improved after the addition of silkworm pupae. Furthermore, meat batter formulated with TG and silkworm pupae showed improved hardness, gumminess, chewiness and viscosity compared to control batter. Addition of 1% TG with 15% silkworm pupae to meat batter resulted in significantly higher pH, textures, and viscosity. Our data suggest that both silkworm pupae and TG can be added to meat batter to improve its physicochemical properties. Therefore, combination of silkworm pupae and TG could be a new nutritional and functional source for meat products.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.230-237
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• 1990

Studies were carried out to examine seasonal occurrence and emergence pattern of the onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meigen), in the field of Chinju city in Gyeongnam province from 1984 to 1987. Trap catch revealed that the onion fly had three generations in a year, the second flight being partial; the peaks of adult occurrence were at mid April for the overwintered generation (1st flight), at early June for the first generation (2nd flight), and at the period from late September to early October for the autumn generation (3rd flight). It was shown that parts of the pupae in the first and almost all of the pupae in the second (or autumn) generation underwent summer diapause. The pupal periods were less than 22.4 days for the non-diapaused pupae, while those of the diapause. The pupal periods were less than 22.4 days for the non-diapaused pupae, while those of the diapaused pupae were form 8.5 to 145 days in the first generation in he filed, being shorter for the pupae pupated later. This resutled in synchronization on the emergence of these diapaused pupae at late September, with the adults from the second generation pupae. The ratio of diapausing pupae increased among the later pupated ones in the first generation ; the pupae which had been pupated in early May included 43.8% of diapausing pupae, while more than 86.7% of the pupae were under diapausing state for the pupae pupated in late May and thereafter. More than 93.3% of the pupae went into diapause, regardless of pupation time for the second generation.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.175-180
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• 2009

Recently, as the male silkworm pupae, bee pupae have the potential that strengths men's vitality on vascular endothelial nitric oxide in endothelial cells. Especially we prepared alcohol extract of pupae of bumblebee, native bee named Hobakbul, Bombus ignitus. The alcohol extract of pupae of B. ignitus was administered to rats at doses of 0, 0.04, 0.2, 1 or 2 g/kg as a single oral dose. There were no observed clinical signs or deaths related to treatment in all the groups tested. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose of the alcohol extract B. ignitus pupae was considered to be higher than 2 g/kg in rats. Mild decreases in body weight gain in male were observed dose-dependently within B. ignitus pupae alcohol extract treated groups in dose response manner over 2 weeks. Throughout the administration periods, no significant changes in diet consumption, ophthalmologic findings, clinical pathology (hematology, clinical chemistry and coagulation) or gross pathology were detected. Minor changes in male and female rats were found in hematological parameters for all or partial of B. ignitus pupae extract treated groups but all the changes observed were within the physiological range. From these results, it was concluded that there was no-evidence of specific toxicity related to the ingestion of alcohol extract of B. ignitus pupae.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.103-106
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• 2015

The oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is classified as a quarantine pest that must be controlled for the exportation of Korean paprika to the USA. We performed a confirmatory test of gamma irradiation against the last-instar larvae and pupae of H. assulta in paprika. Previous, small-scale gamma irradiation at a dose of 100 Gy to the last-instar larvae allowed emergence of adults, though they were abnormal, but 200 Gy prevented adult emergence completely. For pupae, irradiation of 5- to 6-day-old pupae with 300 Gy prevented normal emergence completely. To gather confirmatory data applicable to phytosanitary quarantine regulations, larvae and pupae were placed inside paprika in a box and were irradiated with 200 Gy and 300 Gy, respectively. After irradiation with 200 Gy (measured doses 170-199 Gy) of 2,186 individuals of the last-instar larvae, 10.84% survived, but either formed abnormal pupae (7.57%) or died during the pupal stage (3.27%), resulting in no emergence of normal adults. For pupae, the dose of 300 Gy (measured doses 276-319 Gy) given to 1,200 pupae allowed 10.75% to survive and 9.17% to emerge with deformity. However, 1.58% of irradiated pupae emerged normally, requiring an increased dose for complete prevention of normal emergence. Subsequently, an increased dose of 400 Gy (measured doses 340-402 Gy) to 1,005 pupae allowed 88.35% to emerge, but all emerged with deformity. Thus, irradiation treatment with a minimum dose of 400 Gy will provide quarantine security for all premature H. assulta in exported paprika.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone on diapausing pupae of Hyphantna cunea. Treatment of 20-HE at the dosage of 5 $\mu$ g or higher/g live weight terminated diapause in about 50% of Hyphantna cunea pupae treated, and some malformed adult emerged at dosages of 10 or 12.5 $\mu$g of 20-hydroxyecdysone/g live wt. The maximum concentration of 20-hydroxyecdysone in the whole body of normally developing pupae was about 3.2 $\mu$g/g on the 6th day after pupation, and in that of diapausing pupae treated with 20 -HE about 4.1 $\mu$g/g on the 6th day after the treatment. But diapausing pupae showed a low level( 1.7 $\mu$g/g) of maximum 20-HE concentration. In diapausing pupae treated with 20- HE, glycongen content was lower than in normally developing pupae, but the changing pattern was similar to that observed in normally developing pupae. Glucose(and/or sorbitol) and trehalose content of 20-HE-injected pupae reached the maximum value on the 6th day after the injection, which were higher than those of normally developing pupae. The amount of soluble haemolymph proteins was lower but the total soluble protein content of haemolymph-rernoved whole body was higher in 20-HE-injected pupae than that in normally developing pupae.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.303-306
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• 2018

Drones of honeybee (Apis mellifera) have been regarded as a useful value only when mating with queen bee. However, the drone pupae have been reported to be nutritionally valuable, and a potential beekeeping product. In this study, drone pupae extracted with 5% acetic acid were used to measure anti-thrombosis related fibrinolytic activity using Strup and Mullertz fibrin plate method. As a result, the drone pupae extract showed higher effect of fibrinolytic activity(clear zone diameter 20.83mm) compared to the human plasmin (clear zone diameter 12.93mm) used as a positive control. It was suggested that the extract of drone pupae can be developed as a functional material helping prevention or treatment of various vascular diseases.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 1988

Studies were carried out to investigate the diapause-sensitive stage, the effect of 20-hydroxye- cdysone on diapausing pupae and the changes in pupal proteins of the fitll webworm, HYPha¬ntria cunea Drury. The stage sensitive to diapause-inducing photoperiod lies between 5th and 15th day of the larval development. And the oxygen consumption rate of diapausebound pupae decreased to a mean level of $30mu$l $O_{2}$/g/hr. The 20-hydroxyecdysone was effective in raising the respiratory acivity of 2.5% homogenate of the diapausing fall webworm pupae and in causing a normal adult development of the diapause-bound pupae. The soluble protein content rapidly declined in normally-developing pupae, but in diapause-bound pupae it was more or less static with much higher quantity. And protein bands separated from fat body of diapause¬bound pupae were different from those of nondiapausing pupae.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.26 no.3 s.72
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• pp.145-150
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• 1987

Carborhydrate contents were compared between diapausing and non-diapausing pupae of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea DRURY. Glycogen content in the whole body of diapausing pupae kept at $-5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ was less than that of those left at room temperature, while the amounts of trehalose and sorbitol showed the reverse trend. The osmotic pressure of haemolymph was higher in diapausing pupae than that in non-diapausing pupae. The mean oxygen consumption rate of diapausing pupae was $4{\sim}6.7$ times less than that of non-diapausing, normal pupae.