• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.94-95
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• 2007

In this paper, the dependence of electrical characteristics of Silicon-$Al_2O_3$-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SANOS) memory cell transistors and program speed, reliability of memory device on interface trap between Si substrate and tunneling oxide was investigated. The devices were fabricated by the identical processing in a single lot except the deposition method of the charge trapping layer, nitride. In the case of P/E speed, it was shown that P/E speed is slower in the SONOS cell transistors with larger interface trap density by charge blocking effect, which is confirmed by simulation results. However, the data retention characteristics show much less dependence on interface trap. Therefore, to improve SANOS memory characteristic, it is very important to optimize the interface trap and charge trapping layer.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.789-799
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• 2004

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the effects of duct corrugation angle on heat/mass transfer characteristics in wavy ducts of a primary surface heat exchanger application. Local heat/mass transfer coefficients on the wavy duct sidewalls are determined by using a naphthalene sublimation technique. The corrugation angles(${\alpha}$) of the wavy ducts are 145$^{\circ}$, 130$^{\circ}$, 115$^{\circ}$ and 100$^{\circ}$. And the Reynolds numbers based on the duct hydraulic diameter vary from 300 to 3,000. The results show that at the low Re(Re $\leq$1000), the secondary vortices called Taylor-Gortler vortices perpendicular to the main flow direction are generated due to effect of duct curvature. By these secondary vortices, high heat/mass transfer regions are formed on both pressure-side and suction-side walls. At the high Re(Re $\geq$ 1000), these secondary flows are vanished with helping flow transition to turbulent flow and the regions which show high heat/mass coefficients by flow reattachment are formed on suction side. As corrugation angle decreases, the local peak Sh induced by Taylor-Gortler vortices increase at Re $\leq$1000. At high Re(Re $\geq$ 1000), by the existence of different kind of secondary flows called Dean vortices, non-uniform Sh distribution appears along spanwise direction at the narrow corrugation angle (${\alpha}$=100$^{\circ}$). Average Sh also increase by the enhanced effect of secondary vortices and flow reattachment. More pumping power (pressure loss) is required with the smaller corrugation angle due to the enhancement of flow instability.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2004년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.5 No.2
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• pp.631-634
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• 2004

The method that exists in Photodynamic Therapy uses Photosensibility drug strongly Influencing tumour accumulation together with photochemical laser effect and makes the structure of tumour be localized and become extinct. The intracavity transformation of the Nd :YAP main radiation 1079 nm was Raman converted in barium nitrate crystal and the Stokes frequency (1216 nm) was doubled using KTP or RTA crystals. The LiF or Cr:YAG crystals are used for the Q-switch. The radiation Parameters were obtained at 100 Hz pump repetition frequency. The average power at 608 nm radiation with LiF and KTP was 700 mW at multi-mode generation. The 3-6 single 10-15 ns pulses were generated during one cycle of pumping. The doubling efficiency with RTA was two times more than with KTP. The cells of Ehrlich adenocarcinoma (0.1 ml) were i.m. implanted in hind thighs of ICR white non-imbred mice. The cells were preliminarily diluted in medium 199 in the ratio of 1 to 5. HpD was intravenous administered in a dose of 10 mg/kg. The left clean-shaven hind leg was irradiated with laser light 21-27 hours after the administration of the preparation. The right non-Irradiated leg of each animal served as a control. The animals with the transplanted tumor that were not injected with HpD sewed as a control to estimate the complex effect (HpD+ irradiation). Before the administration of HpD and on 3 and 4 days after irradiation the tumor size was measured and the percent of the tumor growth inhibition was calculated. The results of animal treatments has shown high efficiency of PDT method for cancer treatment by means 0.608 m high power pulse solid state laser.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2018년도 학술발표회
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• pp.148-148
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• 2018

Land subsidence caused by excessive groundwater pumping is a serious hydro-geological hazard. The spatial variability in land use, unbalanced groundwater extraction and aquifer characteristics are the key factors which make the problem more difficult to monitor using conventional methods. This study uses the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel satellites to investigate and monitor land subsidence varying with different land covers and groundwater use in the arid Quetta valley, Pakistan. The Persistent Scattering Differential Interferometry of Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-DInSAR) method was used to develop 28 subsidence interferograms of the study area for the period between 16 Oct 2014 and 06 Oct 2016 using ESA's Sentinel-1 SAR data. The uncertainty of DInSAR result is first minimized by removing the dynamic effect caused by atmospheric factors and then filtered using the radar Amplitude Dispersion Index (ADI) to select only the stable pixels. Finally the subsidence maps were generated by spatially interpolating the land subsidence at the stable pixels, the comparison of DInSAR subsidence with GPS readings showed an R 2 of 0.94 and mean absolute error of $5.7{\pm}4.1mm$. The subsidence maps were also analysed for the effect of aquifer type and 4 land covers which were derived from Sentienl-2 multispectral images. The analysis show that during the two year period, the study area experienced highly non-linear land subsidence ranging from 10 to 280 mm. The subsidence at different land covers was significantly different from each other except between the urban and barren land. The barren land and seasonally cultivated area show minor to moderate subsidence while the orchard and urban area with high groundwater extraction rate showed excessive amount of land subsidence. Moreover, the land subsidence and groundwater drawdown was found to be linearly proportional to each other.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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• pp.519-519
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• 2023

Estuarine dams are a recent and global phenomenon. While estuarine dams can provide the benefit of improved freshwater resources, they can also alter estuarine processes. Due to the wide range of estuarine types and estuarine dam configurations, the effect of estuarine dams on estuaries is not well understood in general. To develop a systematic understanding of the effect of estuarine dam location and freshwater discharge interval on a range of estuarine types (strongly stratified, partially mixed, periodically stratified, and well-mixed), this study used a coupled hydrodynamic-sediment dynamic numerical model (COAWST) and compared flow, sediment transport, and morphological conditions in the pre- and post-dam estuaries. For each estuarine type, scenarios with dam locations at 20, 55 and 90 km from the mouth and discharge intervals of a discharge every 0.5, 3, and 7 days were investigated. The results were analyzed in terms of change in tide, river discharge, estuarine classification, and sediment flux mechanism. The estuarine dam location primarily affected the tide-dominated estuaries, and the resonance length was an important length scale affecting the tidal currents and Stokes return flow. When the location was less than the resonance length, the tidal currents and Stokes return flow were most reduced due to the loss of tidal prism, the dead-end channel, and the shift from mixed to standing tides. The discharge interval primarily affected the river-dominated estuaries, and the tidal cycle period was an important time scale. When the interval was greater than the tidal cycle period, notable seaward discharge pulses and freshwater fronts occurred. Dams located near the mouth with large discharge interval differed the most from their pre-dam condition based on the estuarine classification. Greater discharge intervals, associated with large discharge magnitudes, resulted in scour and seaward sediment flux in the river-dominated estuaries, and the dam located near the resonance length resulted in the greatest landward tidal pumping sediment flux and deposition in the tide-dominated estuaries.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.157-157
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• 2022

Recent decades have seen all over the world increasing drought in some regions and increasing flood in others. Climate change has been alarming in many regions resulting in degradation and diminution of available freshwater. The effect of global warming and overpopulation associated with increasing irrigated farming and valuable agricultural lands could be particularly disastrous for coastal areas like the one of Benin. The coastal region of Benin is under a heavy demographic pressure and was in the last decades the object of important urban developments. The present study aims to roughly study the general effect of climate change (Sea Level Rise: SLR) and groundwater pumping on Seawater intrusion (SWI) in Benin's coastal region. To reach the main goal of our study, the region aquifer system was built in numerical model using SEAWAT engine from Visual MODFLOW. The model is built and calibrated from 2016 to 2020 in SEAWAT, and using WinPEST the model parameters were optimized for a better performance. The optimized parameters are used for seawater intrusion intensity evaluation in the coastal region of Benin The simulation of the hydraulic head in the calibration period, showed groundwater head drawdown across the area with an average of 1.92m which is observed on the field by groundwater level depletion in hand dug wells mainly in the south of the study area. SWI area increased with a difference of 2.59km² between the start and end time of the modeling period. By considering SLR due to global warming, the model was stimulated to predict SWI area in 2050. IPCC scenario IS92a simulated SLR in the coastal region of Benin and the average rise is estimated at 20cm by 2050. Using the average rise, the model is run for SWI area estimation in 2050. SWI area in 2050 increased by an average of 10.34% (21.04 km²); this is expected to keep increasing as population grows and SLR.

• 지질공학
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.405-416
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• 2017

본 연구는 자유면대수층 즉, 충적대수층에서 필터층의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험을 위해 모래층 및 자갈층으로 구성된 충적대수층에 필터층, 양수정, 관측정을 각각 설치한 모형시험장치를 제작하였다. 제작된 모형시험장치를 이용해 단계양수시험을 수행하였으며, 각 시험조별 투수특성을 확인하고 적정양수량 및 우물효율을 산정하였다. 모래층에서 단계별 양수량 분석을 통한 적정양수량 평가결과, 동일한 필터 두께를 가진 경우 이중필터는 22.03 L/min이며, 단일필터는 19.71 L/min로 단일필터에 비해 이중필터가 115.0% 양수량이 증대되는 것으로 평가되었다. 이중필터와 필터층 두께가 10 cm인 단일필터와 비교하면 이중필터에서 182.7%의 양수량 증대효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 자갈층의 적정양수량 평가결과, 동일한 필터 두께를 가진 경우 이중필터는 73.56 L/min이며, 단일필터는 65.47 L/min로 단일필터에 비해 이중필터가 112.3% 양수량이 증대되는 것으로 평가되었다. 이중필터와 자갈층에서 필터층 두께가 10 cm인 단일필터를 비교하면 이중필터에서 160.9%의 양수량 증대효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 모래층 우물효율을 분석한 결과 이중필터에서 최대 70.4%, 단일필터에서 최소 37.1%를 보이며, 자갈층에서는 필터재 두께가 30 cm인 이중필터와 단일필터에서 66.5%의 높은 우물효율을 보이나 필터재 두께가 10 cm인 단일필터에서는 22.5%로 낮게 평가되었다. 본 연구를 통해 필터재가 두꺼울수록 투수특성이 개선되는 것을 확인하였으며, 이중필터가 단일필터에 비해 양수량 및 우물효율이 상대적으로 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 우물설계에 실질적으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.60.1-60.1
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• 2015

High energy photons and mechanical energy produced by the process of star formation result in copious FIR molecular and atomic lines, which are important coolants of the system. Photons thermally or mechanically induced could dissociate water in the dense envelope to change relative abundances among the species of O, OH, and H2O. Here we analyze OH emission lines toward embedded young stellar objects (YSOs) observed as part of the Herschel open time key program, 'Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time (DIGIT)' in order to study the physical conditions of associated gas and the energy budget loaded on the OH line emission. According to our analysis of the Herschel/PACS spectra, OH emission peaks at the central spaxel in most of sources, but several sources show spatially extended emission structures. In the extended emission sources, the distribution of OH emission is correlated with that of [OI] emission and extended along the outflow directions. Considering the diversity of source properties, ratios between detected OH lines are relatively constant among sources. In addition, each OH line has strong correlation with bolometric luminosity. In order to determine the physical conditions of YSOs, we adopt several methods for the analysis of the OH lines: rotational diagram, non-LTE LVG analysis, and a 2-D PDR code. From the simple LVG analysis, we find that the thermal solution with the dense ( > $10^7cm^{-3}$) and warm ( ~ 100 K) OH gas reproduces the ratios of detected OH lines. However, our self-consistent PDR 2-D model, which can deal with the IR-pumping effect from the central protostar as well as the warm dust in situ, cannot fit the observational results, suggesting that an irradiated shock model is necessary for a better interpretation.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2018

A total of 594 reservoirs (17%), which are managed by KRC, equipped with earthquake-resistant facilities whereas remaining ones did not. In addition, reservoirs were placed without the effect of geological structures (i.e., fault and lineament). Therefore, development on technique for alleviating the potential hazards by natural disasters along faults and lineaments has required. In addition, an effective reinforcement guideline related to the geological vulnerabilities around reservoirs has required. The final goal of this study is to suggest the effective maintenance for the safety of earth fill dams. A radius 2 km, based on the center of the reservoir in the study area was set as the range of vulnerability impacts of each reservoir. Seismic design, precise safety diagnosis, seismic influence and geological structure were analyzed for the influence range of each reservoir. To classify the vulnerability of geological disasters according to the fault distribution around the reservoir, evaluation index of seismic performance, precise safety diagnosis, seismic influence and geological structure were also developed for each reservoir, which were a component of the vulnerability assessment of geological disasters. As a result, the reservoir with the highest vulnerability to geological disasters in the pilot district was analyzed as Kidong reservoir with an evaluation index of 0.364. Within the radius of 100km from the epicenter of the Pohang earthquake, the number of agricultural infrastructure facilities subject to urgent inspections were 1,180 including reservoirs, pumping stations and intakes. Four reservoirs were directly damaged by earthquake among 724 agricultural reservoirs. As a result of the precise inspection and electrical resistivity survey of the reservoir after the earthquake, it was reported that cracks on the crest of reservoirs were not a cause of concern. However, we are constantly monitoring the safety of agricultural facilities by Pohang aftershocks.

• 전자공학회논문지T
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• 제36T권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 1999

산소이온 펌핑효과를 나타내는 8% 이트리아가 함유된 ZrO\sub 2\ 이온 전도체를 기판으로 하여 그 위에 NO\sub x\가스에 대해 감지효과를 갖고 있는 것으로 알려져 있는 WO\sub 3\산화물 반도체를 사용하여 박막시편을 제작하였다. 각 소자의 NO\sub x\ 가스에 대한 전기적 특성과 열처리 온도에 따른 미세구조의 변화를 조사하였고, 특히 8YSZ 기판에 가해준 전압에 의한 NO\sub x\ 가스 감지의 증대효과를 조사하였다. 열처리 온도에 따른 WO\sub 3\ 박막표면의 SEM사진의 분석에서 열처리하지 않은 WO\sub 3\ 박막은 비결정질 상태이지만 600℃이상의 열처리 온도에서 결정화가 이루어졌고 사방경계상의 WO\sub 3\ 피크가 나타났으며 온도가 증가함에 따라 (111)면과 (001)면이 특히 많이 성장하였다. 측정온도 400℃에서 8YSZ 기판에 전압을 가하지 않았을 때보다 전압을 가하였을 경우가 더 안정되고 더 큰 응답을 보였으며, 특히 2V 일 때가 가장 높은 감도를 나타내었다. 그리고 NO\sub 2\ 가스보다 NO 가스에 대한 회복특성이 훨씬 우수했다.