• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colors of feed-trough on the eating behaviour of pullets. A total of 64 12wks old pullets were assigned to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with 4 treatments(control, blue, yellow, red colored feed-troughs). The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. Average daily gain and eed intake of the pullets were significantly(P<0.05) decreased with red color feed-troughs. 2. Feed conversion ratio appeared to be improved in the yellow color group compared to the others. 3. Total time spent for eating were not significantly different, among treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1553-1561
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• 2004

Two feeding trials were conducted with 128 pullets from 4 to 20 weeks of age and 96 laying hens from 23 to 63 weeks of age to evaluate the effects of scavenging and type of protein supplement on the feed intake and performance of improved pullets and laying hens. The experiments had a completely randomized design with four dietary treatments and four replicates. Treatments were: Control (Cont), scavenging but with access to a balanced concentrate at night; confinement (CF) and given the control feed ad libitum; scavenging and supplemented at night with the control feed, but with soybean meal replaced by cassava leaf meal (CLM); scavenging and supplemented at night with the control feed, but with fishmeal replaced y soybean meal (SBM). The mean daily dry matter (DMI), metabolizable energy (MEI) and crude protein intakes (CPI) of the pullets and laying hens, respectively, were 28%, and 18% higher for the confinement treatment (CF) compared to the scavenging treatments (p<0.001). The DMI, MEI and CPI of the pullets were not significantly different among scavenging treatments (p>0.05), but for the layers DMI, MEI and CPI were significantly higher for the CLM and SBM treatments compared to the Cont treatment (p<0.001). In the growing period, the average daily weight gain (ADG), supplement feed conversion ratio (FCR) and supplement feed cost/kg eggs (FCS) were not significantly different for CF compared to Cont, and among scavenging treatments (p>0.05). In the laying period, the hen-day production was significantly lower, and supplement FCR and FCS significantly higher for the CF compared to the scavenging treatments (p<0.001). Egg weight, and yolk, albumen and shell percentage and shape index were not significantly different among the scavenging treatments (p>0.05). However, shell and yolk percentages were significantly lower for the CF compared to the Cont treatment (p<0.01). Mortality was significantly higher for the CF compared to the scavenging treatments for pullets, and was significantly lower for the CF compared to scavenging treatments for laying hens (p<0.001). It was concluded that scavenging pullets and layers were getting around 28% and 18%, respectively, of their nutrient requirements from scavenging activities, resulting in correspondingly lower supplement feed conversion ratios and feed costs. Daily gains of the pullets were not affected by scavenging or protein supplement, but egg production and mortality were lower for the confined hens.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.117-120
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• 1968

Normal value of serum proteins of cockerels and pullets was obtained by seperating serum proteins of 80(♂40, ♀40)immature domestic fowls for routine clinical application purpose, using paper and agar electrophoresis. The concentration count of serum proteins which were fractionated was determined by using densitometer and planimeter. The fractionation value of serum proteins (of cockerels and pullets was indicated in the table 1. The composition of serum proteins by paper and agar electrophoresis showed remarkable differences between cockerels and pullets, but only ${\beta}$-globulin could not found difference between them.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.307-313
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• 2002

체내 cholesterol 수치를 낮추기 위하여 HMG-CoA reductase 활성을 저해하는 물질들을 닭에게 급여하여 in vitro상에서 검토한 결과, HMG-CoA reductase 활성에 대한 마늘, lovastatin과 copper의 순으로 저해능은 51.3%, 87.5%, 82.0%이었다. 또한 혈장, 가슴조직, 간장의 cholesterol 함량에 대한 마늘(3% in diet), lovastatin(300mg/Kg of diet), copper(200mg/Kg of diet)의 효과를 검토하였다. 혈장 중의 cholesterol 함량과 HDL, LDL cholesterol 함량은 3% 마늘의 투여로 감소되어졌으나 copper의 투여는 오히려 증가하였고, lovastatin 투여에 의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그리고 간장과 가슴조직의 cholesterol과 triglyceride는 사료에 cholestrol의 수치를 저하시키는 물질을 첨가하였으나 별다른 차이가 없었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.70-74
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• 1999

The primary objective of these studies was to screen the materials showing inhibitions of HMG-CoA reductase in vitro. The secondary objective was to determine the effect of garlic, lovastatin and copper on cholesterol concentrations in plasma. liver and brease muscle of pullets. In experiment 1, the degree of inhibition of the selective samples on HMG-CoA reductase activity was determined in vitro. The inhibition rate of water soluble garlic extracts, lovastatin and copper to HMG-coA reductase activity were 51.3%, 87.5%, and 82.0% respectively . In experiment 2, control diet (basal diet), garlic powder (3% in diet) , lovastatin (300mg/kg of diet) and copper(200mg/kg of diet) were fed to pullets in order to investigate the changes of cholesterol concentration in plasma and tissues. Plasma total cholesterol , and LDL-cholesterol were significantly reduced in pullets fed a diet containing 3 % garlic powder. However, coper significantly increased total cholesterol compared to controls and lovastatin did not affect plasma chholesterol concentration . Total cholesterol inlover and breast muscle inpullets were not affectedb y adding cholesterol lowering materials to the diets. The data suggests that it is not easy for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to reduce cholesterol levels in the body due to complication in cholestrol metabolism . However, garlic administration can lower the levels of plasma cholesterol in pullets.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.257-266
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• 1994

Three protein feeding systems for egg-type pullets involving conventional step-down protein 18-15-12%), step-up protein(12-15-18%) and single-stage low protein (13-13-13%) with an iso-energy level of 2,900 ME kcal /kg were compared to examine the effect on pullet growth and subsequent laying performance. During the growing period, pullets subjected to the step-up and single-stage low protein feeding systems were lighter in body weight and consumed less feed and netabolizable energy than those on the conventional step-down protein feeding system(P<0.05). 3ut the pullets on the step-up protein diet consumed more protein, and those on the single-stage low protein diet consumed less protein than those on the step-down protein diet(P<0.05). Also, he feed cost was less in pullets on the single-stage low protein diet than in those on the other systems(P<0.05). During the laying period, sexual maturity was later in hens reared on the step-up and single-stage low protein diets than in those on the step-down protein diet(P<0.05), however, average hen-day egg production and egg weight were not significantly affected by the protein feeding systems in the growing period. Daily feed intake and feed required per egg were significantly reduced in hens on the single-stage low protein diet compared to those on conventional protein feeding system(P<0.05). It was concluded that the 13% single-stage low protein feeding system produced smaller pullets with less feed, energy, protein, and feed cost during the growing period, and hens reared on that system consumed less feed during the laying period without any impairment of production compared to the conventional rearing system.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2003

본 연구는 산란종계 육성 사료 내의 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 육성기 성장에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 실시하였다 .8일령의 Hy-Line Variety Brown 갈색 산란종계 암평아리 360수를 5개 처리에 처리당 4반복, 반복당 18수씩 완전 임의 배치하여 에너지와 단백질 수준이 다른 실험 사료를 9주간 급여하였다 .실험 기간 중 2주 간격으로 사료섭취량과 공시계의 생체중, 정강이 길이를 개체별로 측정하였고, 성장 균일도를 조사하였다. 실험 종료 시에 반복별로 평균체중에 해당하는 개체를 2수씩 희생시킨 후 우측 경골을 적출하여 경골 중량, 길이, 파쇄 강도 및 경골 내 회분 함량 등을 조사하였다 .실험종료 시, 증체량과 정강이 길이에서는 대조구에 비해 단백질 함량을 증가시킨 처리구에서 유의하게 증가하는 (P<0.05) 결과가 관찰되었다 사료섭취량에서는 처리간에 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 경골 길이 및 중량은 성장 성적의 증가와 상응해 증가하는 결과가 관찰되었고, 경골 강도 및 경골 내 회분 함량 역시 에너지 및 단백칠 수준의 증가에 따라 증가하는 결과 (P<0.05) 가 나타났다. 성장 균일도는 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 높은 처리구에서 실험 종료시인 10주째 증가하는 경향이 관찰되었으나, 처리간에 통계적 유의성 있는 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 본 연구에서 국내의 산란종계 병아리의 육성에서 NRC(1994) 사양표준의 권장 수준보다 대사에너지와 단백질 수준을 높인 육성 사료 또는 종계회사의 권장 수준에 가까운 에너지 및 단백질 수준의 육성 사료가 산란종계 병아리의 성장에 가장 적합한 영양 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 즉 Phase I 은 에너지 2800 ∼ 2950 kcal/kg, 단백질 19% 정도인 T3 구가 육성초기 가장 적합한 영양수준이고, Phase II에서도 T3, 즉 에너지 2800 ∼ 2950 kcal/kg, 단백질 16%수준이 가장 육성중기 병아리 발달에 가장 적합한 영양수준인 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.101-111
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• 1994

From the observations of dietary self-selection by growing pullets, step-up protein or reverse protein and single-stage low protein pullet feeding systems were developed. They offered another pullet feeding concept that appears to control the body weight effectively and to reduce the consumption of feed and nutrients without impairment of subsequent laying performance. It is obvious from the feed and nutrient consumption pattern of layers fed diets for self-selection of energy, protein and calcium that they have a daily cyclic requirement rather than a constant requirement for nutrients. It seems that a practical self-selective feeding system is needed to meet the daily cyclic requirement for nutrients without consuming an excess of energy and protein at certain times of the day as compared to the complete or single diet where layers have to consume extra energy and protein in the afternoon when they have a specific appetite mainly for calcium.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.361-368
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• 1991

In two experiments 640 starcross replacement pullets between 25 and 154 days of age were fed ad libitum on either of 16 diets formed by the combination of $4CP{\times}4ME$ levels to study the interaction of CP and ME on growth performances. In both experiments, feed intake decreased, but protein intake, energy intake, live weight gain and feed conversion efficiency increased and sexual maturity hastened with the increase of dietary protein and/or energy level. The protein conversion efficiency decreased with the increase of dietary protein level. The energy conversion efficiency, however, did not show any relationship with dietary energy level. There was a greater improvement of growth performance due to simultaneous increase of dietary protein and energy level than that of increasing protein or energy alone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.443-448
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• 2008

Beak trimming in laying hens is a routine practice in which about 1/3-1/2 of the upper and lower beak is removed with the aim of reducing cannibalism. This experiment aimed to identify if this procedure causes pain by examining self-administration of an analgesic (carprofen) and pecking behaviour in 80 laying pullets beak-trimmed by two different methods at one day of age using hot-blade cauterisation or infra-red cauterisation. We also tested a control treatment, pullets with intact beaks, and a positive control treatment of pullets beak trimmed at 10 weeks of age which were expected to experience some pain due to recent severing of the underlying nerves in the beak. At 11 weeks of age birds trimmed at 10 weeks of age pecked more (p<0.001) gently ($0.6{\pm}0.06N$) at a disc attached to a force-displacement transducer than birds trimmed at 1 day of age with an infra-red machine ($0.9{\pm}0.1N$) or a hot blade ($1.1{\pm}0.07N$) and intact birds ($1.2{\pm}0.1N$). Maximum force of pecks recorded was also lower (p<0.001) in birds trimmed at 10 weeks of age than birds trimmed at 1 day of age with an infra-red method or a hot blade and intact birds. However, the pecking force in birds trimmed at 10 weeks of age was not increased by providing them with analgesic-treated feed, though birds that ate more carprofen had a higher maximum force of peck (p = 0.03). Pecking force in birds beak-trimmed at 1 day of age was the same as the pecking force of intact birds, and was unaffected by feeding pullets carprofen. A method of self-administration of an analgesic had previously revealed that chickens in neuromuscular pain arising from lameness consumed more of a feed containing carprofen than healthy chickens. However, we found no evidence that beak-trimmed pullets consumed more carprofen-treated feed than pullets with an intact beak. It should be noted that the three beak trimming methods resulted in an average 34% reduction in beak length, considered a light trim, and is perhaps not representative of commercial birds where greater portions of the beak are removed. We conclude that although carprofen has been reported to have an analgesic effect on neuromuscular pain in chickens, it appears to have no analgesic effect on potential neuropathic pain arising from the nerves severed by a light beak trim.