• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
• /
• v.10 no.S_1
• /
• pp.11-22
• /
• 2001

Observations related to the along-wind dispersion of puffs were collected from 12 field sites and from a wind tunnel experiment and used to test simple similarity relations. Because most of the date made use of concentration time series observation from fixed monitors, the basic observation was t, the standard deviation of the concentration time series. This data also allowed the travel time, t, from the source to the receptor to be estimated, from which the puff advective speed ue, could be determined. The along-wind dispersion coefficient, x, was then assumed to equal tue. The data, which extended over four orders of magnitude, supported the similarity relations t=0.1 t and x=1.8 $u^*$t, where t is the travel time and $u^*$ is the friction velocity. About 50% of the observations were within a factor of two of the predictions based on the similarity relations.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.18 no.E4
• /
• pp.215-221
• /
• 2002

The real-time modeling system, named AirWatch System, has been developed to evaluate the environmental impact from a large source. It consists of stack TMS (TeleMetering System) that measures the emission data from the source, AWS (Automatic Weather Station) that monitors the weather data and computer system with the dispersion modeling software. The modeling theories used in the system are Gaussian plume and puff models. The Gaussian plume model is used for the dispersion in the simple terrain with a point meteorological data while the puff model is for the dispersion in complex terrain with three dimensional wind fields. The AirWatch System predicts the impact of the emitted pollutants from the large source on the near-by environment on the real -time base and the alarm is issued to control the emission rate if the calculated concentrations exceed the modeling significance level.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.51-58
• /
• 1986

This study is to investigate the Function of sleeve for the construction of cuffs. Three measuremental items of sleeve cap high, length of sleeve and puff quantity of upper sleeve cap are compared between when the experimental man raises righthand static pose. The wearing test is done in sewing cuffs of either fixing up cuffs or not-fixing up cuffs, and in no cuffs. Three measuremental items are pulled length from sleeve end, pulled length from side waist line, and pulled dimensions from waist line. 1. The result according to the length and dimensions variation caused by a change of sleeve cap high. 2. The results according to the length and dimensions variation caused by a sort of sleeve length. 3. The results according to the length and dimension variation caused by the puff quantity of sleeve cap.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
• /
• 2008.10a
• /
• pp.95-97
• /
• 2008

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2010

The present study investigated the role of ERK in the onset of mechanical and cold allodynia in a rat model of compression of the trigeminal ganglion by examining changes in the air-puff thresholds and number of scratches following the intracisternal injection of PD98059, a MEK inhibitor. Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 250 and 260 g were used. Under anesthesia, the rats were mounted onto a stereotaxic frame and received 4% agar ($10\;{\mu}l$) solution to compress the trigeminal ganglion. In the control group, the animals were given a sham operation without the application of agar. Changes in behavior were examined at 3 days before and at 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 30, and 40 days after surgery. Compression of the trigeminal ganglion significantly decreased the air-puff thresholds. Mechanical allodynia was established within 3 days and persisted over postoperative day 24. To evaluate cold allodynia, nociceptive scratching behavior was monitored after acetone application on the vibrissa pad of the rats. Compression of the trigeminal ganglion was found to produce significant cold allodynia, which persisted for more than 40 days after surgery. On postoperative day 14, the intracisternal administration of $1\;{\mu}g$ or $10\;{\mu}g$ of PD98059 in the rat model significantly decreased the air-puff thresholds on both the ipsilateral and contralateral side. The intracisternal administration of $10\;{\mu}g$ of PD98059 also significantly alleviated the cold allodynia, compared with the vehicle-treated group. These results suggest that central ERK plays an important role in the development of mechanical and cold allodynia in rats with compression of the trigeminal ganglion and that a targeted blockade of this pathway is a potential future treatment strategy for trigeminal neuralgia-like nociception.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science Conference
• /
• 1997.10a
• /
• pp.91-113
• /
• 1997

One mg tar cigarettes represent a growing segment of the market, in various parts of the world but specially in the Far East. Cigarette design of ultra low tar cigarettes is not easy to manage: a simple extension of the techniques used in the design of the low tar segment will usually lead to tasteless cigarettes. A detailed analysis of the design of commercial ultra low tar cigarettes in different countries shows that no 《dominant design》 has yet been adopted. Blend composition, blend density, filter design, degree of filter ventilation all vary in a large range from cigarette brand to cigarette brand, and will influence the puff number, the tar concentration in each puff and ultimately the taste. We will report and comment on the detailed analysis of 17 commercial brands of ultra low tar cigarettes. We will then review the specific influence of tobacco chemical composition, introduction of reconstituted tobacco, influence of cigarette paper characteristics, selection of filter ventilation components on the burn characteristics and tar delivery; to conclude that the commercial success of an ultra low tar cigarette is linked to a very delicate balance between this techniques and... good marking of course!

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.411-419
• /
• 2003

The assessment of environmental impact on NO$_2$ (or TSP) emitted by vehicles is important for local residents from the point of view of their health and environmental protection. In the course of field investigations, correct concentrations are measured and meteorological data are observed for numerical simulation. To determine background concentration for numerical simulation, annual average concentrations of NO$_2$ (or TSP) are estimated using the Puff-Plume model. If the estimated result affects the environment, it must be considered in the environmental conservation activity. To make the process of a estimation of environmental assessment more easily, this system is developed. Moreover, this system was supplied a Graphic User Interface (GH) for the user who calculated the concentration of air pollution exhausted from the traffic on general roads except special roads such as interchanges and entrances to tunnels. This system can offer not only the numerical result but also a graphic display. Even a beginner who is not a professional programmer can calculate the result easily.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.38-45
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the smoke component concentration and the smoke distribution in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter with stalk position and grade of Korean leaf tobaccos. 12 grades of flue-cured and burley leaf tobaccos which were taken from the Kim-cheon and Ock-cheon leaf tobacco processing factory were used for this study. Six kinds of smoke components such as tar, nicotine, water, carbon monoxide(CO), carbon dioxide($CO_2$) puff No. collected in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter were analyzed. Also, nicotine/tar, CO/tar ratio were calculated from the analytical data. Puff no., CO, and $CO_2$ concentration of flue-cured and burley tobacco leaves at high stalk position were higher than those of low stalk position, and these components were increased in high grade of leaf tobacco. Compared with flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco showed a little values of puff no., nicotine, and tar concentration. The pH range of burley tobaccos was broader than that of flue-cured tobaccos, and the ammonia concentration of burley tobaccos was significantly higher than that of flue-cured tobaccos. The pH value and ammonia concentration of burley tobaccos were decreased as stalk position of leaf tobaccos decreased. The distribution of smoke components collected in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter was different with a different grade and stalk position of tobacco leaves. In high stalk position of tobacco leaves, the portion of smoke components collected in the cambridge filter pad was also increased. The average nicotine, water, and tar removal efficiency by a cigarette filter in a flue-cured tobacco were 37%, 64%, and 48%, respectively. Compared with flue-cured tobaccos, smoke components of burley tobaccos had high nicotine and low water removal efficiency by a cigarette filter. The average ratio of nicotine/tar and CO/tar of flue-cured tobaccos and burley tobaccos were 0.097, 1.22, 0.094, and 0.97, in order. Nicotine/tar ratio was decreased and CO/tar ratio was increased in low stalk position.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.68-79
• /
• 2018

The Ki-Jang research reactor (KJRR), a new research reactor in Korea, is being planned to fulfill multiple purposes. In this study, as an assessment of the environmental radiological impact, we characterized the atmospheric dispersion and deposition of radioactive materials released by an unexpected incident at KJRR using the weather research and forecasting-mesoscale model interface program-California Puff (WRF-MMIF-CALPUFF) model system. Based on the reproduced three-dimensional gridded meteorological data obtained during a 1-year period using WRF, the overall meteorological data predicted by WRF were in agreement with the observed data, while the predicted wind speed data were slightly overestimated at all stations. Based on the CALPUFF simulation of atmospheric dispersion (${\chi}/Q$) and deposition (D/Q) factors, relatively heavier contamination in the vicinity of KJRR was observed, and the prevailing land breeze wind in the study area resulted in relatively higher concentration and deposition in the off-shore area sectors. We also compared the dispersion characteristics between the PAVAN (atmospheric dispersion of radioactive release from nuclear power plants) and CALPUFF models. Finally, the meteorological conditions and possibility of high doses of radiation for relatively higher hourly ${\chi}/Q$ cases were examined at specific discrete receptors.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.31 no.1 s.49
• /
• pp.79-83
• /
• 2005

The important elements influencing on the quality of make-up cosmetics are not only the ingredients themselves but also the cosmetic tool that delivers the ingredients. But sensory analysis by a has been used on a number of occasion. Therefore it is not reliable to apply the data to other products and not easy to identify the elements influencing the qualities of cosmetics. So we Intend to understand the elements influencing the quality of cosmetics and prepare the foundation by introducing objective measurement method. In this study, we fix the loose powder and make new loose powder puff. So we can accomplish objective measurement.