• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제10권S_1호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2001

Observations related to the along-wind dispersion of puffs were collected from 12 field sites and from a wind tunnel experiment and used to test simple similarity relations. Because most of the date made use of concentration time series observation from fixed monitors, the basic observation was t, the standard deviation of the concentration time series. This data also allowed the travel time, t, from the source to the receptor to be estimated, from which the puff advective speed ue, could be determined. The along-wind dispersion coefficient, x, was then assumed to equal tue. The data, which extended over four orders of magnitude, supported the similarity relations t=0.1 t and x=1.8 $u^*$t, where t is the travel time and $u^*$ is the friction velocity. About 50% of the observations were within a factor of two of the predictions based on the similarity relations.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제18권E4호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2002

The real-time modeling system, named AirWatch System, has been developed to evaluate the environmental impact from a large source. It consists of stack TMS (TeleMetering System) that measures the emission data from the source, AWS (Automatic Weather Station) that monitors the weather data and computer system with the dispersion modeling software. The modeling theories used in the system are Gaussian plume and puff models. The Gaussian plume model is used for the dispersion in the simple terrain with a point meteorological data while the puff model is for the dispersion in complex terrain with three dimensional wind fields. The AirWatch System predicts the impact of the emitted pollutants from the large source on the near-by environment on the real -time base and the alarm is issued to control the emission rate if the calculated concentrations exceed the modeling significance level.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.51-58
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• 1986

This study is to investigate the Function of sleeve for the construction of cuffs. Three measuremental items of sleeve cap high, length of sleeve and puff quantity of upper sleeve cap are compared between when the experimental man raises righthand static pose. The wearing test is done in sewing cuffs of either fixing up cuffs or not-fixing up cuffs, and in no cuffs. Three measuremental items are pulled length from sleeve end, pulled length from side waist line, and pulled dimensions from waist line. 1. The result according to the length and dimensions variation caused by a change of sleeve cap high. 2. The results according to the length and dimensions variation caused by a sort of sleeve length. 3. The results according to the length and dimension variation caused by the puff quantity of sleeve cap.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.95-97
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• 2008

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2010

The present study investigated the role of ERK in the onset of mechanical and cold allodynia in a rat model of compression of the trigeminal ganglion by examining changes in the air-puff thresholds and number of scratches following the intracisternal injection of PD98059, a MEK inhibitor. Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 250 and 260 g were used. Under anesthesia, the rats were mounted onto a stereotaxic frame and received 4% agar ($10\;{\mu}l$) solution to compress the trigeminal ganglion. In the control group, the animals were given a sham operation without the application of agar. Changes in behavior were examined at 3 days before and at 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 30, and 40 days after surgery. Compression of the trigeminal ganglion significantly decreased the air-puff thresholds. Mechanical allodynia was established within 3 days and persisted over postoperative day 24. To evaluate cold allodynia, nociceptive scratching behavior was monitored after acetone application on the vibrissa pad of the rats. Compression of the trigeminal ganglion was found to produce significant cold allodynia, which persisted for more than 40 days after surgery. On postoperative day 14, the intracisternal administration of $1\;{\mu}g$ or $10\;{\mu}g$ of PD98059 in the rat model significantly decreased the air-puff thresholds on both the ipsilateral and contralateral side. The intracisternal administration of $10\;{\mu}g$ of PD98059 also significantly alleviated the cold allodynia, compared with the vehicle-treated group. These results suggest that central ERK plays an important role in the development of mechanical and cold allodynia in rats with compression of the trigeminal ganglion and that a targeted blockade of this pathway is a potential future treatment strategy for trigeminal neuralgia-like nociception.

• 한국연초학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연초학회 1997년도 담배과학 국제학술대회
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• pp.91-113
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• 1997

타르함량 1mg 담배는 특히 극동지방을 포함한 세계 여러지역에서 시장이 증가하고 있는 대표적인 상품이다. 초저타르 담배의 설계는 쉽지 않은데, 저타르 담배의 설계에 사용된 기술을 단순히 연장하여 적용하게 되면 대체로 맛이 없는 담배가 된다. 여러나라에서 현재 시판되고 있는 초저타르 담배의 설계를 세밀히 분석한 결과 일반적으로 널리 적용되고 있는 특정한 설계방식은 볼 수 없었다. 엽배합, 엽배합밀도, 필터설계, 필터희석율 등은 상품마다 제각각일 정도로 변이가 크다. 이들 요인들은 담배의 puff수, puff별 타르함량, 그리고 궁극적으로는 담배맛에 영향을 끼칠 것이다. 본 논문에서는 전세계에서 시판되고 있는 17개의 초저타르 담배에 대한 세밀한 분석결과를 제시하고자 한다. 또한 잎담배 화학성분이 초저타르 담배의 설계에 특별이 미치는 영향, 판상엽의 사용, 연소특성과 타르이행량에 영향을 미치는 권련지의 특성과 필터희석율에 관련되는 요인의 선택 등에 관하여 고찰하고자 한다. 이와 같은 고찰을 통해 우리는 초저타르 담배의 상업적 성공이 이들 관련 기술의 절묘한 균형을 맞춤 으로서 - 물론 훌릉한 영업력도 빼놓을 수 없지만 - 가능하였던 것으로 결론 짓고자 한다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2003

자동차에서 배출되어지는 NO$_2$(또는 TSP)에 대한 환경영향평가는 사람들의 건강과 환경보존의 관점에서 그 지역의 거주자를 위해서 필요한 것이다. 환경영향평가 수행을 위한 필드 조사에서, 수치모의를 위해서 정확한 농도가 계산되어지고 기상 데이터는 관측되어진다. 수치모의를 하기 위한 배경농도를 결정하기 위해서, NO$_2$(또는 TSP)의 연평균농도는 Puff-Plume 모델을 이용하여 계산되어진다. 만약 계산된 결과들이 환경에 영향을 미치게 되면, 이 결과는 환경보존활동에 고려되어야만 한다. 본 시스템은 이러한 환경영향평가를 예측과정을 손쉽게 할 수 있도록 개발되었다. 또한 이 시스템은 인터체인지와 터널 입구 등과 같은 특수한 도로를 제외한 일반도로에서 배출되는 대기오염의 농도를 예측하고자 하는 사용자를 위하여 제공되어진다. 또한, 이 시스템은 농도의 계산뿐만 아니라 결과를 그래프로 나타내는 기능도 포함되어 있다. 이 시스템을 이용함으로써 직업프로그래머가 아닌 초보자인 사용자일지라도 여러 가지 계산결과 및 결과 그래프를 간단하게 얻을 수 있다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the smoke component concentration and the smoke distribution in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter with stalk position and grade of Korean leaf tobaccos. 12 grades of flue-cured and burley leaf tobaccos which were taken from the Kim-cheon and Ock-cheon leaf tobacco processing factory were used for this study. Six kinds of smoke components such as tar, nicotine, water, carbon monoxide(CO), carbon dioxide($CO_2$) puff No. collected in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter were analyzed. Also, nicotine/tar, CO/tar ratio were calculated from the analytical data. Puff no., CO, and $CO_2$ concentration of flue-cured and burley tobacco leaves at high stalk position were higher than those of low stalk position, and these components were increased in high grade of leaf tobacco. Compared with flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco showed a little values of puff no., nicotine, and tar concentration. The pH range of burley tobaccos was broader than that of flue-cured tobaccos, and the ammonia concentration of burley tobaccos was significantly higher than that of flue-cured tobaccos. The pH value and ammonia concentration of burley tobaccos were decreased as stalk position of leaf tobaccos decreased. The distribution of smoke components collected in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter was different with a different grade and stalk position of tobacco leaves. In high stalk position of tobacco leaves, the portion of smoke components collected in the cambridge filter pad was also increased. The average nicotine, water, and tar removal efficiency by a cigarette filter in a flue-cured tobacco were 37%, 64%, and 48%, respectively. Compared with flue-cured tobaccos, smoke components of burley tobaccos had high nicotine and low water removal efficiency by a cigarette filter. The average ratio of nicotine/tar and CO/tar of flue-cured tobaccos and burley tobaccos were 0.097, 1.22, 0.094, and 0.97, in order. Nicotine/tar ratio was decreased and CO/tar ratio was increased in low stalk position.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2018

The Ki-Jang research reactor (KJRR), a new research reactor in Korea, is being planned to fulfill multiple purposes. In this study, as an assessment of the environmental radiological impact, we characterized the atmospheric dispersion and deposition of radioactive materials released by an unexpected incident at KJRR using the weather research and forecasting-mesoscale model interface program-California Puff (WRF-MMIF-CALPUFF) model system. Based on the reproduced three-dimensional gridded meteorological data obtained during a 1-year period using WRF, the overall meteorological data predicted by WRF were in agreement with the observed data, while the predicted wind speed data were slightly overestimated at all stations. Based on the CALPUFF simulation of atmospheric dispersion (${\chi}/Q$) and deposition (D/Q) factors, relatively heavier contamination in the vicinity of KJRR was observed, and the prevailing land breeze wind in the study area resulted in relatively higher concentration and deposition in the off-shore area sectors. We also compared the dispersion characteristics between the PAVAN (atmospheric dispersion of radioactive release from nuclear power plants) and CALPUFF models. Finally, the meteorological conditions and possibility of high doses of radiation for relatively higher hourly ${\chi}/Q$ cases were examined at specific discrete receptors.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2005

화장품 특히 메이크업 화장품에 영향을 미치는 요소는 화장품에 들어가는 성분 자체뿐 만 아니라 화장성분을 전달하여 주는 메이크업 도구의 영향도 지대하다. 그러나 대부분의 경우 이러한 측정은 대부분 평가자의 감성에 의존하고 있다. 이러한 감성적 데이터는 객관적이지 못하기에 다른 제품에 적용하기에 부적절하며 또한 어떠한 요소가 화장품의 품질에 영향을 미치는지 파악하기도 어렵다. 이에 화장품의 품질에 영향을 미치는 요소를 알아보기 위해 객관적인 측정방법을 마련하고자 한다. 여기에서는 루스 파우다는 고정하고 새로운 루스 파우다 퍼프를 만들어 측정하였다. 이를 통해 화장용 메이크업 도구 특히 퍼프에 있어서 기기적 측정을 통한 물성평가가 어느 정도 가능함을 발견할 수 있었다.