• 생물정신의학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.34-45
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• 2000

Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder is a rapidly evolving field. Mood stabilizers and anticonvulsants have varying biochemical profiles which may predispose them to different adverse effects and drug-drug interactions. Several of the new anticonvulsants appear less likely to have the problems with drug-drug interaction. To provide more effective combination pharmacotherapies, clinicians should be allowed to anticipate and avoid pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions. We reviewed the role of cytochrome P450 isozymes in the metabolism of the drugs and their interactions. The drug-drug interactions of several classes of drugs which used as mood stabilizers and new anticonvulsants, some of which may have psychotropic profiles, are discussed mainly in this article. Finally, potential pharmacokinetic interactions between the benzodiazepines and other coadministered drugs are discussed briefly.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 1975

An animal which is placed in a new environment displays a complex behavioral pattern consisting of locomotion, grooming and rearing. This behavioral pattern is influenced by endogenous and exogenous stimuli, such as hormonal secretion, level of neurohumoral transmitters, drugs and light. It is widely known that the most tranquilizers depressed spontaneous motor activity although their mechanisms of action were different, while antidepressants stimulated except imipramine which showed various action. Until the present time, the hole-board apparatus, which gives rather subjective data, has been used extensively to study the effects of drugs on general activity and exploratory behavior in mice. Recently a new apparatus for mobility measurements, called a 'Selective Activity Meter' has been introduced. This instrument supposedly produces more objective data on activity and behavior. The purpose of the present experiment was to study the influence of psychotropics on motor activity using the Selective Activity Meter. In the experiment, various psychotropic agents such as major tranquilizers(chlorpromazine, haloperidol); minor tranquilizers(meprobamate, diazepam); and antidepressants(amphetamine, imipramine) were used. In each experiment, the drug was administered to five mice and their activity was recorded. Each experiment was run five or more times and the results are based on the mean of each trial. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The group of mice treated with chlorpromazine showed markedly inhibited motor activity in comparison with controls and the inhibitory action of chlorpromazine was shown to be more intense than any of the other drugs used in the test. Haloperidol administration yielded similar results until 60 minutes, but mice showed less inhibition of motor activity than with chlorpromazine after 90 minutes. 2. In the group treated with diazepam, there was strong inhibition of motor activity until 30 minutes, but after 60 minutes the mice showed less inhibition than with chlorpromazine. In the meprobamate group, motor activity was inhibited in a manner similar to that of other tranquilizers, but the inhibition was less than that of diazepam. 3. In the group treated with imipramine, the inhibition developed gradually after ten minutes. 4. The effects of amphetamine did not appear until 30 minutes after administration, but then there was a significant increase in the motor activity.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

Eutylone, dibutylone, and dimethylone are potential psychotropic designer drugs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro metabolic pathways of synthetic cathinones with methylenedioxy groups. The three methylenedioxy derivatives were incubated with human liver microsomes. The metabolites were characterized based on liquid chromatography and quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Eutylone, dibutylone, and dimethylone were metabolized to yield three, six, and four metabolites, respectively. Reduction and demethylenation were the major metabolic pathways for all three drugs tested. However, dibutylone and dimethylone showed an additional metabolite generated via N-oxidation. These results provide evidence for the in vivo metabolism of methylenedioxy synthetic cathinones, and could be applied to the analysis of synthetic cathinones and their relevant metabolites in biological samples.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2011

The purpose of licensing system is to ensure that the medicines are examined for safety, efficacy and quality. Nevertheless, off-label or unlicensed drug usages in pediatric practice is widespread in Korea and worldwide. Psychotropics are one of the most commonly used off-label or unlicensed drugs. The most valid approach to face this dilemma will be to have more evidences from pediatric pharmacological studies. Clinicians, in addition, need to monitor closely their off-label or unlicensed drug prescriptions to minimize the trial and error in practice. Researchers should publish their experiences and provide guidelines. Pharmaceutical companies, regulatory authorities, and consumer organizations should endeavor altogether for the children's right to get safe and efficacious drugs as adults do. Here, the definition as well as the current status of off-label and unlicensed drug prescriptions will be introduced. Critical issues regarding the off label drugs are discussed. In addition, I will describe the present condition as to the off-label and unlicensed drugs in child and adolescent psychiatry and the authorization process of off-label drug prescription in Korea. Lastly, direction we should like to take in this field will be mentioned.

• 약학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 1995

Brain dopamine systems play a central role in the control of movement, hormone release, and many complex behavior. The action of dopamine at its synapse is terminated predominately by high affinity reuptake into presynaptic terminals by dopamine transporter (DAT). The dopamine transporter(DAT) is membrane protein localized to dopamine-containing nerve terminals and closely related with cocaine abuse, Parkinsonism, and schizophrenia. In present study, the recombinant plasmid pRc/CMV-DAT, constructed by subcloning of a cDNA encoding a bovine DAT into eukaryotic expression vector pRc/CMV, was stably transfected into CV-1 cells(monkey kidney cell line). The DAT activities in the cell lines selected by Geneticin$^{R}$ were determined by measuring the uptake of $[^3H]$-dopamine. The transfected cell lines showed 30-50 fold higher activities than untransfected CV-1 cell line, and this result implies that DAT is well expressed and localized in transfected cells. The transfected cells accumulated $[^3H]$-dopamine in a dose-dependent manner with a $K_{m}$ of 991.6nM. Even though high doses of norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and choline neurotransmitters inhibited the uptake of $[^3H]$-dopamine, DAT in transfected cell line was proven to be much more specific to dopamine. The psychotropic drugs such as GBR12909, CFT, normifensine, clomipramine, desipramine, and imipramine inhibited significantly the dopamine uptake in tissue culture cells stably transfected with DAT cDNA. Radioactive in situ hybridization was done to map the cellular localization of DAT mRNA-containing cells in the adult rat central nervous system. The strong hybridization signals were detected only in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. The restricted anatomical localization of DAT mRNA-containing cells confirms the DAT as a presynaptic marker of dopamine-containing cells in the rat brain.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.5-9
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• 2011

Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is a newly recognized parasomnia that describes a clinical condition of compulsive eating under an altered level of consciousness during sleep. Recently, it is increasingly recognized in clinical practice. The exact etiology of SRED is unclear, but it is assumed that SRED might share features of both sleepwalking and eating disorder. There have been also accumulating reports of SRED related to the administration of various psychotropic drugs, such as zolpidem, triazolam, olanzapine, and combinations of psychotropics. Especially, zolpidem in patients with underlying sleep disorders that cause frequent arousals, may cause or augment sleep related eating behavior. A thorough sleep history is essential to recognition and diagnosis of SRED. The timing, frequency, and description of food ingested during eating episodes should be elicited, and a history of concurrent psychiatric, medical, sleep disorders must also be sought and evaluated. Interestingly, dopaminergic agents as monotherapy were effective in some trials. Success with combinations of dopaminergic and opioid drugs, with the addition of sedatives, has also been reported in some case reports.

• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.501-504
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• 2018

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a disease characterized with destruction of erythrocytes as a result of antibody produce against patient's own erythrocytes and anemia. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia can be roughly stratified into two groups according to serological features and secondary causes including drugs induced hemolytic anemia. Drugs induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia is very rare in pediatric patients. Even though hematological side effects such as leucopenia, agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenic purpura and aplastic anemia might occur due to psychotropic drug use; to the best of our knowledge there is no autoimmune hemolytic anemia case due to quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotics, in literature. We hereby describe the first child case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia during quetiapine treatment.We also are pointing out that one should keep in mind serious hematological side effects with atypical antipsychotic drug use with this case report.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2001

정신 신체 장애 환자를 치료하는데 있어서는 우선 광범위한 정신선체 장애에서 이용되는 향정신 약물 뿐만이 아니라 관련 내과 치료 약물에 대한 기본적인 지식과 활용책이 요망(要望)된다. 그리고 다양한 종류의 치료 약물과 치료 방법은 환자의 질병관, 질병행동에 의거하여 변형될 수 있어야 한다. 최근에 소위 대체치료에서 활용되는 한약제, 생약제제, 향기 치료 등에 대해서, 적어도 이것이 결정적인 부작용이 없다면 의사가 적극적으로 활용(活用)하는 자세가 바람직하다. 그리고 약물 작용 등의 과학적인 기전과 효험도는 의사의 주도(主導) 하에 연구해 나가야 할 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.382-392
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to identify some natural meaning through the dosage experience of psychoactive drugs in women patients with schizophrenia. Methods: The Hermeneutic phenomenology written by van Manen was used. The period for data collection was from November 2009 to January 2010. This study took place in mental health hospitals and mental health centers in two cities in North Jeolla Province. Nine patients with schizophrenia participated. Data collection was done through individual in-depth interview. Results: The seven natural subjects demonstrated by participants from this study were 'Pills forcibly taken like veiled threats', 'A terrible side effect, a side effect rooted slowly', 'Shame which cannot be hidden as a woman', 'A bad medicine took away from motherhood', 'The fate of a wife who can't be equal', 'A struggle for the complete recovery without promise', and 'Participants want the future without medicine'. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the urgent need to develop a safe and believable psychoactive drug for woman patients considering the time of menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and child raising.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.488-499
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• 2006

Purpose: Behavioral symptoms in dementia (BSD) are one of the most disturbing behaviors to caregivers and a major reason for nursing home placement. Behavioral symptoms are often treated with psychotropic drugs (PD), however, the effect of such drugs for the frail elderly dementia patient is not certain because of their critical adverse effects. Theoretical model applicable to nursing practice for BSD in nursing homes, which is essential in guiding and evaluating such interventions, is absent. This article presents the process of developing a theoretical model of BSD in nursing homes. Method: Using Walker and Avants' theory synthesis method, three behavior models and two system models were incorporated into the proposed model to provide the theoretical and analytical explanation of the relationships between PD usage, its determinants, and BSD. Results: Resident variables and nursing home variables related to the two focal concepts (i.e., PD usage and BSD) were identified. Resident variables include demographical characteristics such as age and gender, and dementia-compromised functions such as cognitive and functional impairment. Nursing home variables include facility characteristics such as ownership type and size, and physical and psychosocial environment. Conclusion: The proposed model suggests that fulfillment of resident unmet needs through improvement of physical and psychosocial environment may produce better health outcomes of nursing home residents with BSD. Assessment and intervening environmental triggers of such behaviors are also suggested to be prior to the PD usage.