• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.79-94
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• 2007

Objectives : Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract was identified mainly for diarrhea, stomachache, hemafecia. The source and pathologic mechanism about ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease are still unknown but stress, infection, a genetic factor, environmental factors etc. may be the cause of chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract recently. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of herbal acupuncture with Artemisiae Argyi for the treatment to intestinal disease in the rat with 2, 4, 6 - trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis. Methods : Artemisiae Argyi Herbal acupunctures were infected in HapGok (LI4) which is used to treat for intestinal disease in clinic. All animals were subjected to the injection of saline (300 ${\mu}l$, 500 ${\mu}l$) for a study control and TNBS (300 ${\mu}l$, 500 ${\mu}l$) into the lumen of the colon, 8cm proximal to the anus through the intestine. Artemisiae Agryi' Herbal (20 mg/ml, 0.4 ml) acupunctures were injected to the LI4 (both hands) at the secondary injection time of TNBS in rats. And body weight, RBC count, WBC count, total protein, Paw edema rate, rate of protein leakage into CMC-pouch fluid, IgG levels and IgM levels were observed to study the effects of Artemisiae Argyi' Herbal acupuncture in HapGok (Ll4). Results : Artemisiae Argyi' Herbal acupuncture in HapGok (Ll4) on TNBS-induced colitis inhibit the body weight lose rate but not RBC and WBC count. Furthermore, it inhibited the reduction of total protein concentration, paw edema, rate of protein leakage into CMC-pouch fluid, IgG levels and IgM levels. Conclusions : Herbal acupuncture with Artemisiae Argyi helps recover the TNBS-induced colonic damage and may be an important method for treatment of the colitis.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.25-42
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• 2005

The study was to investigate kinematic difference between flexed and extended type of knee during Jigeo-Cha-Gi in Taekwon-Do. For this subjects participated were consisted of weights of fin (1), bantam (1) and welter class(1) of male 3 national representative level skilled in two type(flexed and extended type) of Jigeo-Cha-Gi. 3D cinematography analysis was performed for motion analysis and Kwon 3D ver. 3.1) was used for 3D coordinates & analysis variables calculation. In Temporal variable there was no significant difference statistically in all phases & total elapsed time between flexed and extended type, but flexed type was delayed more 0.016 sec than extended type. In displacement of COG there was significant difference in level of p<.05 showing longer mean 6.13 cm in case of flexed type than extended type in displacement of COG during all phase and too significant difference in level of p<.01 showing longer mean 4.4 cm in case of flexed type than extended type in displacement of COG in follow through phase. In velocity of COG there was significant difference in level of p<.001 showing higher mean 15.53cm/s in case of flexed type than extended type in velocity of COG(Y direction) during targeting phase and peak velocity(Y) was more fast 8.74 cm/s in extended type than flexed type. In velocity of leading leg in forward direction(Y) there was significant difference in level of p<.05 showing higher thigh mean value in case of flexed type than extended type but showing higher foot mean value in extended type at level of p<.001 than flexed type in velocity of COG(Y direction). In velocity of leading leg in vertical direction(Z) there was no significant difference in the second & third phase in case of vertical velocity level, but momentum transferred efficiently form proximal to distal endpoint. In front-back & right-left orientation angle of trunk there was possibility of more stable Jigeo-Cha-Gi in extended than flexed type by decreasing in right-left orientation angle of trunk. In relative angle of lower leg(hip, knee, ankle) there was significant difference in level of p<.001 showing longer mean 32.74 deg. in case of flexed type than extended type in hip joint during the second phase but maintained insufficient extended knee of mean 168 deg. in targeting phase.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2007

This study was conducted to examine the biomechanical characteristics of open spike in the volleyball to improve the technique of the volleyball spike. The subjects were six male college and high school athletes. The motions of volleyball spike were filmed by using two Sony VX 2000 Video Cameras. The mechanical factors were angle and angular velocity of body segments in the upper and the lower limbs. The conclusions were as follows; 1. The angle of the shoulder joint of the skilled showed larger than that of the unskilled in impacting of the volley ball spike. 2. The angle of the elbow joint of the skilled showed larger than that of the unskilled in impacting of the volley ball spike. 3. The angle of the wrist joint of the skilled showed smaller than that of the unskilled in impacting of the volley ball spike. 4. The angle of the hip joint of skilled showed larger than that of unskilled in impacting of the volley ball spike. 5. The angle of the knee joint of the skilled and the unskilled showed same in take off and impacting of the volley ball spike, and that of the skilled showed smaller than that of the unskilled in take-off touchdown and touchdown after impact of the volley ball spike. 6. The angle of the ankle joint of skilled showed larger than unskilled in take-off of the volley ball spike. 7. The angular velocity of the shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint of the skilled showed faster than that of the unskilled in impacting of the volley ball spike. Taken together the result of them, I have come to conclusion that knee joint angle in touchdown of the take off should be decreased and knee joint angle in take off should be increased, and then stability of the take off should be made and, and that extension of the elbow joint should be made and wrist joint angle decreased and shoulder and hip joint angle increased, and then C.O.G of the arm and hand should be positioned ahead C.O.G of the body in impacting for effective impact of the spike, and that the transfer of the angular velocity of body segments for effective impact of the spike make from the proximal segment to the distal segment at spike in volleyball.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.258-266
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• 2012

본 연구는 일부 대학생들의 흡연행태와 흡연자와 비흡연자 간의 흡연에 대한 인식과 구강건강관리행태를 알아보고자 경상북도, 대구광역시, 강원도에 위치한 4년제 대학교에 재학 중인 대학생 260명을 대상으로 흡연에 대한 인식과 구강건강관리행태에 대해 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 흡연자의 하루 평균 흡연량은 반 갑 미만이, 흡연기간은 1년~3년 미만이 가장 높았으며, 흡연을 시작하게 된 동기는 호기심과 주변 권유가 가장 높았고, 흡연이유는 스트레스 해소, 습관적 순으로 나타났다. 2. 흡연유무에 따른 구강건강관리행태 중 1회 잇솔질 시간, 정기적 치과 내원, 최근 치과 내원시기, 치과 방문 목적, 스켈링 및 구강보건교육 경험에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 3. 흡연유무에 따른 구강건강에 대한 인식 중 주관적 구강건강상태에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 4. 흡연유무에 따른 흡연에 대한 인식 중 담배, 한 두 개피 정도의 담배, 식후의 담배 및 간접흡연이 건강에 미치는 영향에 대한 인식에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 흡연자는 비흡연자에 비해 구강건강관리행태 및 구강건강에 대한 인식, 흡연에 대한 인식이 부족하므로, 대학생들을 위한 금연교육과 구강보건교육 프로그램 개발의 활성화가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2011

Background: Spinal nerve ligation (SNL) injury in rats produces a pain syndrome that includes mechanical and thermal allodynia. Previous studies have indicated that proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) play an important role in peripheral mediation of neuropathic pain, and that altered dorsal root ganglion (DRG) function and degree of DRG neuronal apoptosis are associated with spinal nerve injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and the extent of apoptosis in the dorsal root ganglion after SNL in rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to SNL of the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves distal to the DRG and proximal to the formation of the sciatic nerve. At postoperative day 8, TNF-${\alpha}$ protein levels in the L5.6 DRG were compared between SNL and naive groups using ELISA. In addition, we compared the percentage of neurons injured in the DRG using immunostaining for apoptosis and localization of activated caspase-3. Results: SNL injury produced significant mechanical and cold allodynia throughout the 7-day experimental period. TNF-${\alpha}$ protein levels were increased in the DRG in rats that had undergone SNL ($12.7{\pm}3.2$ pg/100 ${\mu}g$, P < 0.001) when compared with naive rats ($4.1{\pm}1.4$ pg/100 ${\mu}g$). The percentage of neurons or satellite cells co-localized with activated caspase-3 were also significantly higher in rats with SNL than in naive rats (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: SNL injury produces mechanical and cold allodynia, as well as TNF-${\alpha}$ elevation and apoptosis in the DRG.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1997

Climatic change of the late-Quaternary period has been record-ed in the loess deposits of the central Great plains and the record of such change is extractable using a number of approaches and parameters. The stratigraphy of loess deposits which have been investigated on Fort Riley exhibits the same sequence of loess units and intercalated buried soils as is found elsewhere in the re-gion but adds detail unique to the reservation Upland late-Qua-ternary composite stratigraphy preserved on the reservation con-sists of the basal Sangamon soil of the Last interglacial(c. 120-110ka), Gilman Canyon Formation(c. >40 -20ka), Peoria loess(c. 20 -10ka) Brady soil(c. 11 -10ka) Bignell loess(c. 9-\ulcornerka). and mod-ern surface soil. Application of magnetic analyses has provided proxy data sets that represent a time series of climatically regulated pedogenesis/weathering and botanical composition. magetic data have yielded an impression of the variation in climate from Sangamon time to the late Holocene through a reconstruction of the history of pedogenesis/weathering. Sangamon soil formation dominated the reservation durin the Last interglacial as indicated by magnetic parameters. During Gil-man Canyon time loess influx was usually sufficiently slow as to permit pedogenesis which appears to have been at a maximum twice during that time. Warm season grasses were important dur-ing soil formation but diminished in importance during the peri-ods of more rapid loess fall which were cooler and perhaps wet-ter. Peoria loess fall a function of the deterioration of climate during the last Glacial Maximum thinly blanketed the reservation with thickest accumulations occurring to the north-west(Bala Cemetery site)proximal to the source region. Long-term surface stability did not apparently occur within Peoria time but short-term stability may be indicaed by the presence of thin weathering zones(incipient soils) in the Peoria loess. Re-gional landscape stability prevailed during the environmental shift at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition resulting in forma-tion of the well expressed Brady soil. One or more weak soils developed in the Bignell loess as it ac-cumulated. A notable feature of the Bignell loess is the appear-ance of the Altithermal dry period: the loess experienced little weathering and was dominated by warm season grasses until the latter of the Holocene.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.198-203
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• 1999

1996년 4월부터 1997년 4월까지 강원도 주문진 연안에서 채집한 민들조개 (Gomphina melanaegis)의 생식소 발달과정과 생식주기를 조사하였다. 민들조개는 자웅이체로서, 생식소는 소화맹낭과 족부 근육 사이에 위치하였으며, 난소와 정소는 각각 수많은 난소소낭과 정소세관으로 이루어져 있었다. 육중량비는 1994년 8월에 $23.0\%$로 가장 높았으나 9월에 $19.8\%$로 급격히 감소하였으며, 이후 이듬해 3월에 가장 낮은 값을 보인 후 다시 증가하였다. 성숙기의 난모세포 크기는 $50\~60\mu$m로 전자밀도가 높은 인을 가진 핵이 이중의 단위막으로 둘러싸여 있으며 세포질에는 다량의 난황과립과 지방과립 및 미토콘드리아가 분포하였다. 민들조개의 정자는 머리, 중편 및 꼬리로 구성되어 있었다. 치밀한 핵질로 충만한 원추형 머리는 그 선단에 첨체구조를 가지고 있으며, 중편부에는 4개의 미토콘드리아와 원단중심소체가 편모와 연결되어 있었다. 꼬리의 편모는 전형적인 9+2 구조를 나타냈다. 암수의 성비는 1 : 0.79였고, 생물학적 최소형은 각장 25.0 mm였다. 생식주기는 분열증식기 (12$\~$3월), 성장기 (4$\~$5월), 성숙기 (6월), 산란기 (7$\~$8월) 및 휴지기 (9$\~$11월)의 연속적인 5단계로 구분되었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2002

The pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury as well as the modulation of hepatic fibrogenesis is causally associated with involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical reactions. In this study, we investigated whether dried extracts of oriental medicine (LH) have antioxidant and antifibrotic effect under the biliary liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) c ondition. The female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in six groups (Normal, N-LH, op-2, op-4, opLH-2, opLH-4) and were observed in 2 weeks or 4 weeks. For this purpose the rats were operated by bile duct ligation/scission (BDL/S), which induced to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. After surgery, the prepared LH was administered p.o. 2 mι/day/rat in 2 weeks or 4 weeks for opLH groups. During the observation period, jaundices appeared in eyes, ears and tail of all BDL/S operated rats. And at the time of sacrifice, cholestasis was observed in proximal bile duct, especially the color of bile juice and urine in opLH-4 group showed more clear than op-2, op-4 and opLH-2 group. The value of clinical parameters and product of lipid peroxidation (MDA) in sera and the hydroxyproline (hyp) content in liver tissue were significantly increased in all liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) developed rats (p＜0.001~0.05). Among the clinical parameters of sera, value of BUN, ALP in opLH-4 group showed significantly lower than in op-4 group (p＜0.05, p＜0.001). The content of hyp in opLH-2, opLH-4 group (478.0 $\pm$ 134.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g 897.5 $\pm$ 118.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) showed lower than in op-2, op-4 group (528.9 $\pm$ 220.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g, 1023.8 $\pm$ 277.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and then the value of MDA in opLH-4 was also significantly reduced to 59.4% of that in op-4 group (p＜0.001). The histological change (bile duct proliferation, fibrosis, collagen bundle) was similarly observed in op-2 group and in opLH-2 group, but the weak fibrosis and bile duct proliferation were observed in opLH-4 group compared with in op-4 group. Our data indicate that the 4 weeks treatment with LH extract suppressed lipid peroxidation and inhibited fibrotic (cirrhosis) process, and experimental cholestatic liver disease is associated with increased lipid peroxidation in BDL/S operated rats. Hence we concluded that the measurement of MDA and hyp can be useful monitor for the screening of antioxidant and antifibrotic effect in experimental liver fibrosis (cirrhosis), and LH has been shown to have hepatoprotective effect, antifibrotic effect and antioxidant effect.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

Background: Moyamoya disease is characterized by a progressive stenosis or occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid artery and/or the proximal portion of the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. Whether the onset time was childhood or adulthood, the bony carotid canal diameter might be different, but reflects the size of internal carotid artery passing through the bony carotid canal. In this study, we aimed to identify the relationship between bony carotid canal diameter and clinical manifestation. Methods: 146 consecutive patients diagnosed with moyamoya disease by brain imaging studies were included. We measured the diameter of a transverse portion of bony carotid canal on bone window of a brain computed tomography(CT) image. Patients were divided into two groups, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke according to clinical manifestation. As a result, 115 patients were included. The Suzuki stage was used as criteria for disease progression. Results: Bony carotid canal diameter was $3.6{\pm}0.5$ (right) and $3.6{\pm}0.4$ (left) in the hemorrhagic stroke group, and $3.7{\pm}0.4$ (right) and $3.6{\pm}0.4$ (left) in the ischemic stroke group. The bony carotid canal diameter of the moyamoya vessels (3.6 mm) was smaller than the diameter of non-moyamoya vessels (3.8 mm), significantly (p = 0.042). However, there was no difference in the collateral patterns and clinical manifestation in a comparison of both groups. Conclusions: In our study, there was no significant difference of clinical manifestations and collateral patterns depend on the bony carotid canal diameter in patients with moyamoya disease. These findings suggest that the clinical presentations of moyamoya disease are not related to the onset time of the disease.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2017

Background: Rounded shoulder posture (RSP), a postural abnormality, might cause shoulder pain and pathologic conditions. Although most previous research has investigated RSP focusing on the proximal structures of the shoulder, such as the scapula and pectoralis muscles, the relationship between RSP and anterior distal structures of the upper extremity, such as the biceps brachii muscle and elbow joint, is not clearly understood. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the correlations between RSP and the biceps brachii length, elbow joint angle (EJA), pectoralis minor length, general pectoralis major length, humeral head anterior translation (HHAT), glenohumeral internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and horizontal adduction (HAD). Methods: Twelve subjects with RSP (6 male, 6 female) were recruited. All subjects fulfilled the RSP criteria indicated by a distance ${\geq}2.5cm$ from the posterior aspect of the acromion to the table in the supine position. The examiner measured each of the following parameters twice: RSP, biceps brachii length, EJA, pectoralis minor length, pectoralis major length, HHAT, glenohumeral IR, ER, and HAD. Pearson's correlation coefficient(r) was used to assess the correlation between RSP and all the variables. Results: There was a significant moderate positive correlation between RSP and biceps brachii length (r=.55, p=.032), moderate negative correlation between RSP and pectoralis minor length (r=-.62, p=.015), and moderate positive correlation between RSP and HHAT (r=.53, p=.038). Conclusion: The biceps brachii length, pectoralis minor length, and HHAT could be used to evaluate patients with RSP. Better understanding of the correlation between these factors and RSP could help in the development of effective methods to treat patients with this condition in clinical management.