• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2014

In order to observe the change of ginsenosides, two simplified decoctive conditions are set up aqueous citric acids (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM) with ginseng powder (3 g) and Schisandrae Fructus (0, 1, 2, 3 g) with ginseng powder (3 g). Decoctive temperature and duration are $95^{\circ}C$ and 1.5 h. The contents of major ginsenosides are decreased by increasing concentration of citric acid. But the contents of converted ginsenosides have not been a noticeable increase. In the decoctive condition with Schisandrae Fructus, the contents of major protopanaxdiol ginsenosides seriously decreases that compared with major protopanaxtriol ginsenosides. Therefore, Schisandrae Fructus provides the condition that predominantly converts protopanaxdiol ginsenosides in ginseng decoction.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2014

In the present study, red ginseng extracts were fermented by Paecilomyces tenuipes and the protopanaxdiol-type ginsenosides in the extracts were bio-transformed to F2, Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Rh2, and CK determined by a high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. It indicates that P. tenuipes is a microorganism to biotransform protopanaxdiol-type ginsenosides to their less glucosidic metabolites. Other biotransformed metabolites during fermentation were also analyzed using a GC-MS and identified as 2-methyl-benzaldehyde, 4-vinyl-2-methylphenol, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid. Antiulcerogenic activity of the fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE) on gastric mucosal damage induced by 0.15 M HCl in ethanol in rats was evaluated. FRGE was shown to have a potent protective effect on gastritis with 60.5% of inhibition rate at the dose of 40 mg/kg when compared to 54.5% of the inhibition rate at the same dose for stillen, the currently used medicine for treating gastritis. Linoleic acid showed a strong inhibition on gastritis with 79.3% of inhibition rate at the dose of 40.0 mg/kg. FRGE exhibited a distinct anticancer activity including growth inhibition of the two human colon cancer cells HT29 and HCT116. HT29 cells were less susceptible to FRGE in comparison with HCT116 cells. Taken together, fungal fermentation of the red ginseng extract induced hydrolysis of some ginsenosides and FRGE exhibited potent antiulcerogenic and anticancer activities. These results refer to use FRGE as a new source for treating human diseases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.174-174
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• 2003

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.430-433
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• 2008

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been successfully developed to identify and quantify major ginsenosides in Korean ginseng seeds and roots. Using gradient elution of acetonitrile and water without buffer, the 6 major ginsenosides ($Rb_1,\;Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, and $Rg_1$) were identified. Compared with ginseng roots, the amount of ginsenoside Re and Rd in ginseng seeds were significantly higher than those in ginseng roots (p<0.05). In ginseng seeds, the content of protopanaxtriol (PPT) was higher than that of protopanaxdiol (PPD) and the ratio of PPT and PPD was approximately 2.2 : 1. However, the content of PPT was lower than that of PPD in ginseng roots. It should be mentioned that both content of PPT and PPD in ginseng seeds were much higher than those in ginseng roots.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.239-249
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• 2024

In the assessment of the biosafety of genetically modified (GM) crops, a comparative approach to identifying similarities and differences between transgenic and non-transgenic crops is helpful in identifying potential safety and nutritional issues. In this study, we aimed to compare the nutritional composition of a protopanaxadiol-enhanced genetically modified rice (PPD GM rice) with its non-transgenic counterpart. The nutritional profile of PPD GM rice was assessed against that of the parental rice cultivar 'Dongjin' to ascertain nutritional equivalence. No differences were observed between PPD GM and Non-GM rice cultivar in proximate analysis, mineral content, and amino acid composition. Although significant differences were observed in crude fat, crude protein, total dietary fiber, and some minerals between PPD GM rice and Dongjin, these variances fell within the range suggested by common cultivars (Anmi and Nipponbare) and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) data. Similarly, while some amino acids showed significant differences, these metabolites did not deviate from the OECD range. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted using the nutritional analysis data of PPD GM rice and Dongjin. The results revealed that PPD GM rice and Dongjin were grouped according to their respective cultivation years. This suggests that the variability in the nutritional composition of PPD GM rice tends to resemble that of the parental rice cultivar 'Dongjin' rather than being solely attributed to genetic modification. Overall, our findings indicate that the nutritional composition of PPD GM rice is substantially equivalent to that of its non-transgenic counterpart.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.2
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• pp.39-70
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• 2020

In this paper, through the mutual interpretation and verification of the ancient Korean history books with different origin that have been suspected as false documents, it proves that they could be logically real records and reveal that the substance of the legendary 'medicine for anti-aging and longevity', which also had been mentioned in Chinese old books, is Korean ginseng. Furthermore, with reference to the modern Y chromosomal map of the migratory routes of mankind corresponding to these routes recorded in 「Budoji」, the core history book, the formation of the four ethnic constitution groups (Sasang Constitution) based on the life style of each human group has been estimated. And the cause of Korean ginseng with fever problem for Southeast Asians is their pharmacogenomic constitution problem by protopanaxatriol (PPT) type ginsenosides in ginseng. It was resolved with over production of protopanaxdiol (PPD) type ginsenosides against PPT type in Korean red ginseng as historical or scientific point of view. In addition, by explaining that the processing method to Korean red ginseng could increase red ginseng acidic polysaccharides (RGAP), the RGAP, PPD type ginsenosides, and arginine which is originally abundant in Korean ginseng could increase the expression of the 'heat shock proteins' as a kind of chaperone in the body, this paper presents the theory allowing the scientific interpretation of the efficacy of Korean red ginseng as an 'adaptogen' or 'medicine for anti-aging and longevity'. Lastly, through the consideration of the growing environment of American ginseng and Korean ginseng, the differences are presented.