• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

Spiders are carnivores that prey upon insects and other small arthropods through digestion of food outside the body. Although spider poison may contain proteolytic enzymes, these are thought to play an insignificant role in actual digestion. The source of active proteolytic enzymes can be either the digestive tract cells of spider, or natural microbial flora in the digestive tract of spider. In this study, digestive tracts from the spider, Nephila clavata, were screened for bacteria that have protease or lipase activity. A total of $10^3-10^5$ CFU was recovered from a spider and more than 90% of them showed protease and lipase activity respectively. Of the microbial isolates, 63.3% showed protease or lipase activity, and 50% of these showed both protease and lipase activity. Some of the isolates were characterized using a battery of chemical, phenotypic and genotypic methods. Eleven Gram negative bacteriaa (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, A. haemolyticus, Alcaligenes faecalis, Cedecea davisae, C. neteri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Suttonella indologenes) and 11 Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, B. coagulans, B. pasteurii, B. thuringiensis, Cellulomonas flavigena, Corynebacterium martruchotii, Enterococcus durans, E. faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus hominis, S. sciuri) were identified.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2010

The fructus of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge (CBF) has been used as medicinal and food source in worldwide. In this study, antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract and its sequential organic solvent fractions of CBF against different pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida sp., were investigated. The methanol extract of CBF was active against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and the ethylacetate and butanol fractions of CBF showed strong antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and various multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with minimal inhibitory concentration of 1.0~7.5 mg/mL. Also the fractions showed anti-Candida activity against C. albicans, C. kruseis and C. geochares. The methanol extract of CBF and its solvent fractions, except n-hexane fraction, did not show any hemolytic activity against human red blood cell up to $500\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The hemolysis in n-hexane fraction at $500\;{\mu}g/mL$ was less than 9.9%. Our results suggest that the CBF could be developed as a potent antibacterial agent, especially for multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.2 s.27
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• pp.77-83
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• 1980

The effectiveness of Cefoperazone in the treatment of urinary tract infection was evaluated in the Department of Urology, St. Mary's hospital from December 1. 1979 to April 30. 1980. In this studies, the cusative organisms were divided into 2 groups; 1) Single form. E. coli (8), Staphylococcus aureus(7), Proteus vulgaris (4), P. morganii(3), S. epidermis (1), Enterococcus(1), Klebsiella (2), N. gonococcus(1). 2) Mixed from: Proteus+E. coli(4), E. coli+other(1), Pseudomonas+Enterococcus(1), Klebsiella+other(1). Effectiveness on urological diseases. 1) Neurogenic bladder: Results were excellent in 3 cases, good in 4 cases and negative effect in 4 cases. 2) Non-gonococcal urethritis: In this group, the therapeutic results were favorable in 88.9% of all cases. (Excellent in 2, Fail in1) 3) Pyelonephritis: All(4 cases) were excellent. 4) Renal stone: Among the 4 cases of renal stone, only one case was responded to cefoperazone. 5) Two cases of urethral stricture, two cases of cystitis, one case of B.P.H. and one case of gonococcal urethritis were all excellent. No serious side effects were observed except slight dizziness in one case.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.103-112
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• 1998

Cotton fabric was treated with chitosan by pad-dry(-cure) method to impart antimicrobial properties. Four chitosans of different degree of deacetylation (DAC: 65~95%) with similar molecular weight(MW: ca. 50, 000) and one chitosan oligomer(MW 1, 800, DAC 86%) were used. In order to improve the durability to laundering of antimicrobial activity for the fabrics treated with chitosan oligomer, crosslinker or binder was included in the finishing formulation. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris was evaluated by the Shake Flask Method. The treated fabrics were laundered up to 20 times according to AATCC Test Method 60-1986 or JIS 0217-104 and antimicrobial activity of the laundered fabrics was evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was increased with the increase of concentration and degree of deacetylation of chitosan. And the cured fabrics showed better durability to laundering than the not-cured fabrics according to AATCC Test Method 60-1986. Crosslinker and binder decreased antimicrobial according of the fabrics treated with chitosan oligomer and were not effective to improve the durability to laundering according to JIS 0217-104. (Korean J Human Ecology 1(1) : 103~112, 1998)

• Mycobiology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2008

Two Schiff base ligands $L_1\;and\;L_2$ were obtained by the condensation of glycylglycine respectively with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and indole-3-carboxaldehyde and their complexes with Zn(II) were prepared and characterized by microanalytical, conductivity measurement, IR, UV-Vis., XRD and SEM. The molar conductance measurement indicates that the Zn(II) complexes are 1:1 electrolytes. The IR data demonstrate the tetradentate binding of $L_1$ and tridentate binding of $L_2$. The XRD data show that Zn(II) complexes with $L_1\;and\;L_2$ have the crystallite sizes of 53 and 61 nm respectively. The surface morphology of the complexes was studied using SEM. The in vitro biological screening effects of the investigated compounds were tested against the bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumaniae, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungal species Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia bataicola and Candida albicans by the disc diffusion method. A comparative study of inhibition values of the Schiff base ligands and their complexes indicates that the complexes exhibit higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligands. Zinc ions are proven to be essential for the growth-inhibitor effect. The extent of inhibition appeared to be strongly dependent on the initial cell density and on the growth medium.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.290-295
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• 1991

N4 phage, which infects E. coli K-12 strains, could not infect E. coli K-12 strains containing rtn(resistant to N4) gene on plasmids, which was isolated from Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315. The region of rtn gene for Rtn phenotype was reduced to the 1.7 kb HincII-AccI fragment, and rtn gene seemed to have its own promoter. This putative promoter was present in 107 bp HindII-DraI fragment, and known to be functional in E. cole K-12, which is supported by the fact that phenotype of a subclone, pRMG103A1B which does not contain the 107 bp fragment, was dependent on the existance of a functional promoter in the upstream of rtn gene, and that the 107 bp fragment had promoter activity when located in the upstream of structural gene of galactodinase of E. coli. The promoter-bearing fragment contains two overlapping putative promoter sequences, both of which show a fit in eight of twelve nucleotides with consensus sequences of E. coli promoters at the -35 and -10 regions.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.73-85
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• 2018

The anaerobically digestion and agricultural application of organic wastes was conducted using food wastes and cow dung. Twenty kilograms each of the feed stocks was added into two 30 liters-capacity batch digesters. The anaerobic digestion was carried out within a temperature range of $25-31^{\circ}C$ for a retention time of 51 days. The results showed a cumulative gas yield of 5.0 bars for food waste and no gas production for cow dung within the retention time. Bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Clostridium sp were isolated. Fungi isolated included Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulan, Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton flocossum. The non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analysis of the biogas produced confirmed that the gas consisted of $CH_4$, $CO_2$ and $H_2$. Statistical analysis revealed there was no significant correlation between temperature and biogas produced from the organic wastes (r= 0.177, p = 0.483).The organic wastes from the biogas production process stimulated maize growth when compared to control (soil without organic waste) and indicated maximum height. The study therefore reveals that food waste as potential substrates for biogas production has a moderate bio-fertilizer potential for improving plant growth and yield when added to soil.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.742-748
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• 1994

As part of our search for less toxic antimicrobial agents from natural resources, the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata$(P_{ers}.)K_{ARST}.$ was extracted with hot water. EA, the aqueous extract from the carpophores of E. applanata, was lyophilized and a dark brownish powder was obtained. Antimicrobial activity of EA was tested in vitro against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria by serial broth dilution method, and the antimicrobial activity was expressed by minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC). Among fourteen species of bacteria tested, the antimicrobial activity of EA was the most potent against Proteus vulgaris showing MIC of 1.250 mg/ml. To investigate the effect of antimicrobial combinations of EA with four kinds of antibiotics(ampicillin, cefazolin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol), the fractional inhibitory concentration index(FICI) was determined by checkerboard assay for each strain. The antimicrobial combinations of EA with four kinds of antibiotics resulted in synergism in four instances, but no antagonism was observed. Four instances of synergism were observed when EA was combined with ampicillin against Micrococcus luteus, with cefazolin against Bacillus subtilis, with cefazolin against Micrococcus luteus and with oxytetracycline against Staphylococcus aureus.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.653-658
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• 1996

As part of our search for less toxic antimicrobial agents from natural resources. rutin was isolated from Sophora japonica and then hydrolyzed to quercetin. Antimicrobial activity of quercetin was tested in vitro against five kinds of gram positive and ten kinds of gram negative bacteria by serial broth dilution method. Among fifteen kinds of bacteria tested, the antimicrobial activity of quercetin was the most potent against Proteus vulgaris showing minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 125 ${\mu}$g/ml. To investigate the effect of antimicrobial combinations of quercetin with four kinds of antibiotics (ampicillin, cefazolin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol). the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was determined by checkerboard assay for each strain. The antimicrobial combinations of quercetin with four kinds of antibiotics resulted in synergism in one instance, additive effect in four instances, but no antagonism was observed.

• Mycobiology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 2001

A preparation of water soluble components(EA) was made from carpophores of Elfvingia applanata(Pers.) Karst and its in vitro antibacterial activity on a number of bacterial species was examined by macrobroth dilution assay. Among 16 species of bacteria tested, the most potent antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus epiderrnidis and Proteus vulgaris, of which MICs were 1.25 mg/ml. To investigate the antibacterial effects in combinations of EA with quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin, the fractional inhibitory concentrations(FICs) and the fractional inhibitory concentration indices(FICIs) for four bacterial strains were determined by macrobroth dilution checkerboard assay. Combinations of EA and quinolones exhibited either additive or indifferent effects of antibacterial activity in most instances. However, both synergistic and antagonistic effects were not observed in any cases.