• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1386-1398
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• 2010

Soybean contains a high concentration of carbohydrates that consist mainly of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. The NSP can be divided into insoluble NSP (mainly cellulose) and soluble NSP (composed mainly of pectic polymers, which are partially soluble in water). Monogastric animals do not have the enzymes to hydrolyze these carbohydrates, and thus their digestion occurs by means of bacterial fermentation. The fermentation of soybean carbohydrates produces short chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by animals. The utilization efficiency of the carbohydrates is related to the chemical structure, the level of inclusion in the diet, species and age of the animal. In poultry, soluble NSP can increase digesta viscosity, reduce the digestibility of nutrients and depress growth performance. In growing pigs, these effects, in particular the effect on gut viscosity, are often not so obvious. However, in weaning piglets, it is reported that soy oligosaccharides and soluble NSP can cause detrimental effects on intestinal health. In monogastrics, consideration must be given to the anti-nutritive effect of the NSP on nutrient digestion and absorption on one hand, as well as the potential benefits or detriments of intestinal fermentation products to the host. This mirrors the needs for i) increasing efficiency of utilization of fibrous materials in monogastrics, and ii) the maintenance and improvement of animal health in antibiotic-free production systems, on the other hand. For example, ethanol/water extraction removes the low molecular weight carbohydrate fractions, such as the oligosaccharides and part of the soluble pectins, leaving behind the insoluble fraction of the NSP, which is devoid of anti-nutritive activities. The resultant product is a high quality soy protein concentrate. This paper presents the composition and chemical structures of carbohydrates present in soybeans and discusses their nutritive and anti-nutritive effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs and poultry.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.92-96
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• 2006

Enzymes in organic media afford many advantages such as chiral synthesis and resolution, modification of fats and oils and production of biodegradable polymers. However, the nature of solvents influences the activity and stability of enzymes, and the presence of organic solvents always constitute a risk of enzyme inactivation. Heat-shock protein Hsp90, one of the molecular chaperone, was applied for understanding of enzyme inactivation and for increasing of enzyme stability in water-miscible organic solvent. Hsp90 showed stabilization effect on HRP in the 30％ of DMSO, in the 30％ and 50％ of dioxane. Hsp90 also showed reactivation effect on the inactivated HRP by water-miscible organic solvent such as dioxane and DMSO. In addition, structural analysis using fluorescence spectrophotometry and circular dichroism showed that exposure of HRP in water-miscible organic solvent caused appreciable conformational changes and enzyme inactivation, and the unfolded HRP by water-miscible organic solvent was refolded by Hsp90.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.59-60
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• 2002

Edible films such as wax coatings, sugar and chocolate covers, and sausage casings, have been used in food applications for years$^{(1)}$ However, interest in edible films and biodegradable polymers has been renewed due to concerns about the environment, a need to reduce the quantity of disposable packaging, and demand by the consumer for higher quality food products. Edible films can function as secondary packaging materials to enhance food quality and reduce the amount of traditional packaging needed. For example, edible films can serve to enhance food quality by acting as moisture and gas barriers, thus, providing protection to a food product after the primary packaging is opened. Edible films are not meant to replace synthetic packaging materials; instead, they provide the potential as food packagings where traditional synthetic or biodegradable plastics cannot function. For instance, edible films can be used as convenient soluble pouches containing single-servings for products such as instant noodles and soup/seasoning combination. In the food industry, they can be used as ingredient delivery systems for delivering pre-measured ingredients during processing. Edible films also can provide the food processors with a variety of new opportunities for product development and processing. Depends on materials of edible films, they also can be sources of nutritional supplements. Especially, whey proteins have excellent amino acid balance while some edible films resources lack adequate amount of certain amino acids, for example, soy protein is low in methionine and wheat flour is low in lysine$^{(2)}$. Whey proteins have a surplus of the essential amino acid lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine. Thus, the idea of using whey protein-based films to individually pack cereal products, which often deficient in these amino acids, become very attractive$^{(3)}$. Whey is a by-product of cheese manufacturing and much of annual production is not utilized$^{(4)}$. Development of edible films from whey protein is one of the ways to recover whey from dairy industry waste. Whey proteins as raw materials of film production can be obtained at inexpensive cost. I hypothesize that it is possible to make whey protein-based edible films with improved moisture barrier properties without significantly altering other properties by producing whey protein/lipid emulsion films and these films will be suitable far food applications. The fellowing are the specific otjectives of this research: 1. Develop whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films and determine their microstructures, barrier (moisture and oxygen) and mechanical (tensile strength and elongation) properties. 2. Study the nature of interactions involved in the formation and stability of the films. 3. Investigate thermal properties, heat sealability, and sealing properties of the films. 4. Demonstrate suitability of their application in foods as packaging materials. Methodologies were developed to produce edible films from whey protein isolate (WPI) and concentrate (WPC), and film-forming procedure was optimized. Lipids, butter fat (BF) and candelilla wax (CW), were added into film-forming solutions to produce whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films. Significant reduction in water vapor and oxygen permeabilities of the films could be achieved upon addition of BF and CW. Mechanical properties were also influenced by the lipid type. Microstructures of the films accounted for the differences in their barrier and mechanical properties. Studies with bond-dissociating agents indicated that disulfide and hydrogen bonds, cooperatively, were the primary forces involved in the formation and stability of whey protein/lipid emulsion films. Contribution of hydrophobic interactions was secondary. Thermal properties of the films were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, and the results were used to optimize heat-sealing conditions for the films. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) was used to study the nature of the interfacial interaction of sealed films. All films were heat sealable and showed good seal strengths while the plasticizer type influenced optimum heat-sealing temperatures of the films, 130$^{\circ}$C for sorbitol-plasticized WPI films and 110$^{\circ}$C for glycerol-plasticized WPI films. ESCA spectra showed that the main interactions responsible for the heat-sealed joint of whey protein-based edible films were hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds involving C-0-H and N-C components. Finally, solubility in water, moisture contents, moisture sorption isotherms and sensory attributes (using a trained sensory panel) of the films were determined. Solubility was influenced primarily by the plasticizer in the films, and the higher the plasticizer content, the greater was the solubility of the films in water. Moisture contents of the films showed a strong relationship with moisture sorption isotherm properties of the films. Lower moisture content of the films resulted in lower equilibrium moisture contents at all aw levels. Sensory evaluation of the films revealed that no distinctive odor existed in WPI films. All films tested showed slight sweetness and adhesiveness. Films with lipids were scored as being opaque while films without lipids were scored to be clear. Whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films may be suitable for packaging of powder mix and should be suitable for packaging of non-hygroscopic foods$^{(5,6,7,8,)}$.

• Biomaterials and Biomechanics in Bioengineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

Polymer multilayered hydrogels were prepared on a titanium alloy (Ti) substrate using a layer-by-layer (LBL) process to load a cell growth factor. Two water-soluble polymers were used to fabricate the multilayered hydrogels, a phospholipid polymer with both N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) units and 4-vinylphenylboronic acid (VPBA) units [poly(MPC-co-DMAEMA-co-VPBA) (PMDV)], and the polysaccharide alginate (ALG). PMDV interacted with ALG through a selective reaction between the VPBA units in PMDV and the hydroxyl groups in ALG and through electrostatic interactions between the DMAEMA units in PMDA and the anionic carboxyl groups in ALG. First, the Ti substrate was covered with photoreactive poly vinyl alcohol, and then the Ti alloy was alternately immersed in the respective polymer solutions to form the PMDV/ALG multilayered hydrogels. In this multilayered hydrogel, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was introduced in different layers during the LbL process under mild conditions. Release of VEGF from the multilayered hydrogels was dependent on the location; however, release continued for 2 weeks. Endothelial cells adhered to the hydrogel and proliferated, and these corresponded to the VEGF release profile from the hydrogel. We concluded that multilayered hydrogels composed of PMDV and ALG could be loaded with cell growth factors that have high activity and can control cell functions. Therefore, this system provides a cell function controllable substrate based on the controlled release of biologically active proteins.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.203-207
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• 2009

Background: The FimA of Porphyromonas gingivalis is a crucial pathogenic component of the bacteria and has been implicated as a target for vaccine development against the periodontal diseases. Methods: In this study, the purified fimbriae (FimA subunit polymers) protein was used for immunization in their native form and B hybridoma clones producing antibodies specific to FimA were established. Results: The monoclonal antibodies prepared from selected two clones, designated #123 (IgG2b/ kappa) and #265 (IgG1/kappa), displayed different patterns of binding activity against the cognate antigen. Both antibodies reacted with conformational epitopes expressed by partially dissociated oligomers, but not with monomer as elucidated by Western blot analysis. Ascites fluid containing the monoclonal antibodies showed the inhibitory activity against P. gingivalis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads, an in vitro model for the pellicle-coated tooth surface. Conclusion: These results suggest that the monoclonal antibodies could be used as vaccine material against the periodontal diseases through passive immunization.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 1995

An anticoagulant/fibrinolytic protease was purified to homogeneity from the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. The protein was a single chain glycoprotein of 32 kDa that exhibited strong proteolytic activity on human thrombin and fibrin clots. Proteolytic degradation of these plasma proteins by the purified enzyme occurred at a neutral pH range. Among several human plasma proteins tested as possible substrates for the protease reaction, the 32 kDa enzyme specifically hydrolyzed both thrombin and fibrin polymers without affecting other proteins, such as serum albumin, immunoglobulin, and hemoglobin. Treatment of the purified enzyme at neutral pH with either phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride or soybean trypsin inhibitor resulted in a loss of catalytic activity. The enzyme hydrolyzed the chromogenic substrate H-D-Phe-L-Pipecolyl-L-Arg-p-nitroanilide with a $K_m$ value of 1.1 ${\mu}M$ at a neutral pH. These results suggest that the anticoagulant/fibrinolytic enzyme from Lumbricus rubellus is a member of the serine protease family having a trypsin-like active site, and one of the potential clevage sites for the enzyme is the carbonyl side of arginine residues in polypeptide chains.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 1995

A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) isolated from the electric tissues of Torpedo californica has been reconstituted into a vesicle comprising a bifunctional azo-ligand (Bae 1) compound, and a liposome containing phospholipids and cholesterol (1 : 1, w/w). The liposome-mediated reconstituted receptor showed a concentration-dependent response to cholinergic drugs in a lithium ion flux assay. This liposome-mediated reconstituted nAchR was immobilized onto an electrode using various synthetic polymers which were tested for their response to the cholinergic ligands. The immobilized nAchR not only exhibited a linear response to a wide range of cholinergic ligand concentrations but also retained an operational stability which lasted for longer than 6 days. Thus, this result provides a basis for application of the immobilized nAchR-based biosensor in detecting cholinergic ligands in vitro.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.217-217
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• 2006

The surface energy control capability of electrohydrodynamic force provides electrospraying with various potential advantages such as simple particle size control, mono-dispersity, high recovery, and mild processing conditions. Herein, the one step nano-encapsulation of protein drugs using electrospraying was developed. The major processing parameters such as the conductivity of spraying liquids, flow rate, the distance between electric potentials, etc were examined to obtain the maximum efficiency. The recovery of particles was found relatively high as could be conjectured based on the principle of electrospraying. When organic solvents were employed, the processing windows of electrospraying were relatively narrow than water systems. Efficient nano-encapsulation of BSA with polymers was conveniently achieved using electrospraying at above 12 kV.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2004

Objectives : Inhibition of phase I enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 or 1A2 is considered a major mechanism of protection against initiation of carcinogenesis. The inhibition of toxic enzymes and CYP were studied with so many oriental herbral medicine. Recently, numerous polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes have been isolated from mushrooms and used as a source of therapeutic agents. The most promising biopharmacological activities of these polymers are their immunomodulation and anti cancer. But, in this study the inhibitory effect was on the aqua-acupuncture of Lentinus edodes. Materials : Lentinus edodes aqua-acupuncture solution (LEAS) was prepared and tested for the inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1A2 activities. LEAS type I from fruit body of these mushrooms. Type II was extracted from cultured broth of Lentinus edodes mycelum. Results : LEAS type I and type II were significantly inhibited CYP 1A1 and 1A2 enzymes at concentration of 5.0 and 10.0 mg/ml. Conclusion : These results suggested that LEAS may act as block agent against carcinogenesis by inhibition of phase I enzymes.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2006

Sulfonated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-$SO_{3}$) grafted polyrotaxanes (PRx-PEG-$SO_{3}$) were prepared in order to utilize the unique properties of PEG-$SO_{3}$ and the supramolecular structure of PRx, in which PEG-$SO_{3}$ grafted $\alpha$-cyclodextrins ($\alpha$-CDs) were threaded onto PEG segments in a PEG-b-poly(propylene glycol) (PPG)-b-PEG triblock copolymer (Pluronic) chain capped with bulky end groups. Some of the PRx-PEG-$SO_{3}$ demonstrated a higher anticoagulant activity in case of PRx-PEG-$SO_{3}$ (P 105), and compared with the control they showed a lower fibrinogen adsorption in PRx-PEG-$SO_{3}$ (F68) and a higher binding affinity with fibroblast growth factor. The obtained results suggested that polyrotaxane incorporated with PEG-$SO_{3}$ may be applicable to the surface modification of clinically used polymers, especially for blood/cell compatible medical devices.