• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.617-623
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• 2006

The mortality and morbidity rate of hemodialysis patients (HD) remain high. Among many factors, protein and calorie malnutrition has been shown to be a major risk factor for increased mortality in the HD patients population. Malnutrition can be caused by insufficient amino acid intake, nutrient losses in dialysate, oxidant stress and muscle catabolism. In this study, we evaluated the association of markers of nutritional status and essential amino acids intake in HD patients. We investigated nutritional status of 41 HD patients (mean age: $64.2\;{\pm}\;11.5\;y$, men: 24, women: 27) by measuring anthropometric, biochemical parameters and food intakes by using 24 hr recall methods. Subject's total energy intake and total protein intake were $1,648.0\;{\pm}\;397.31\;kcal/day,\;79.2\;{\pm}\;27.2\;g/day$:, respectively. The animal protein intake was $42.7\;{\pm}\;22.1\;g/day$, essential amino acids intake was $23.4\;{\pm}\;9.92\;g/day$, and the ratio of essential amino acids to total protein intake was $29.6\;{\pm}\;5.42%$. There were significantly positive correlation between muscle mass and lean body mass with serum creatinine level (r=0.435, p<0.01; r=0.435, p<0,01). There were also significant positive correlation in muscle mass and lean body mass with pre hemodialysis blood urea nitrogen (preHD BUN) (r=0.329, p<0.05; r=0.329, p<0.05). There were no significant correlation in total energy intake and total protein intake per kg ideal body weight (IBW) to muscle mass and lean body mass. However, there were significantly positive correlation between the ratio of essential amino acids and muscle mass and lean body mass (r=0.368, p<0.05; r=0.405, p<0.01). And serum hematocrit concentration was positively correlated with the ratio of essential amino acids (r=0.032, p<0.05). The results of this study indicate that strong associations exist in essential amino acid intakes with malnutrition than total protein intakes in HD patient. In conclusion, specialized nutrition education should be necessary to efficiently improve the quality of protein intakes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2016

The effects of retail cut type on chemical, quality and nutritional characteristics of horse meat were studied. Jeju female breed horses (n = 9) at 32-mo-old were slaughtered and the carcasses at 24 h post-mortem were fabricated into 10 retail cuts including: tender-loin, loin, strip-loin, shoulder-chuck-roll, shoulder-clod, top-round, outside-round, brisket, short-plate-brisket, and shank. The results revealed that all of parameters (chemical, meat quality and nutritional composition) examined significantly (p<0.05) differed between the cuts. The chemical composition range (minimum to maximum) of cuts was found as such: moisture 65.06% to 71.69%; protein 19.07% to 21.28%; collagen 1.40% to 2.45%; fat 2.56% to 12.14% and cholesterol 55.76 to 79.50 mg/100 g. Shoulder-chuck-roll had the highest pH and water-holding capacity, while top-round had the highest cooking loss. Shear force ranged between the cuts from $2.80kg/cm^2$ to $4.98kg/cm^2$. The Cu, Fe, and Zn contents ranged between the cuts from 1.52 mg/kg to 2.75 mg/kg, 21.25 mg/kg to 30.85 mg/kg, and 16.51 mg/kg to 40.42 mg/kg, respectively. Additionally, most of the cuts studied showed favorable polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid, n-3/n-6 and essential amino acid/non-essential amino acid ratios.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.294-304
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Eating out has been reported to have negative effects on nutritional status. However, eating out can include meals prepared at home and eaten outside. Conversely, meals eaten at home can be brought from outside, as take-out and home deliveries have become common in Korea. Thus, we tested whether or not meal preparation location influences daily diet quality. SUBJECTS/METHODS: From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007-2009, 4,915 Korean adults (20-64 years) were classified into two groups: home-made meal group (HMG), who ate ${\geq}2$ meals per day prepared at home (n = 4,146), and non-home-made meal group (NHMG), who ate ${\geq}2$ meals per day prepared outside home (n = 769). Daily diet quality was determined by energy intake, nutrient intake, Dietary Variety Score (DVS), and Diet Diversity Score (DDS). RESULTS: Compared to the HMG, the NHMG was more likely to consist of men, single, employed, educated and of a higher economic status (all, P < 0.01). The NHMG showed higher energy intakes (1,776 vs. 2,116 kcal/day) with higher percentages of energy from protein (15 vs. 23%) and fat (14 vs. 16%) and lower intakes of dietary fiber, phosphorus, potassium, niacin, and vitamin C (all, P < 0.01) than the HMG, with some variations among age groups. The NHMG tended to consume foods prepared by frying and grilling and had more one-dish meals such as bibimbap, noodles, and dumplings but also showed higher dietary diversity. CONCLUSIONS: It should be noted that home-made meals do not necessarily guarantee a healthy diet, and the effects of meal preparation location on nutritional status might vary depending on socio-demographic characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.965-971
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• 2010

The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of different maternal nutrition treatments during pregnancy on body weight, muscle fiber number, carcass traits, and pork quality traits of offspring. A total of 18 crossbred sows (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) were randomly assigned to one of three nutritional treatment groups; control, high energy, and high protein. The control group was fed a standard diet, the high energy group was fed a diet that contained 30% increased metabolizable energy, and the high protein group was fed a diet that contained 30% increased limiting amino acids compared to the control. The sows in each group were fed equal quantities of each diet (1.9 kg/d) for the entire gestational period. A total of 36 piglets from each sow were used to evaluate changes in body weight, muscle fiber number in the longissimus dorsi muscle at birth, carcass traits, and pork quality traits. Birth weight of offspring born to sows in the high energy diet group was significantly higher compared to the high protein diet group (p<0.05). However, body weight of offspring after birth was not significantly different between the groups. Muscle fiber number for the longissimus dorsi muscle at birth was not significantly different between the groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in carcass traits or pork quality traits between offspring born to sows in the control group and those born to sows that received high energy or high protein diets during pregnancy. Based on these results, it appears that maternal nutrition treatment during pregnancy, regardless of whether it is with high energy or high protein diets, does not have a significant effect on body weight, muscle fiber number at birth, carcass traits, or pork quality traits.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.17-18
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• 2003

Although flounder is one of the most important marine fish for aquaculture in Korea, feeding the flounder in commercial farms depends mainly on moist pellet in which over 70% frozen fishes (e.g. frozen horse mackerel) are incorporated in its formulation. Therefore, for further expansion of flounder farming, it is essential to employ practical formulated feeds that can support reasonable growth. Development of nutritionally balanced and cost-effective feeds is dependant on the information about nutritional requirement and feed utilization of the species. Nutrient and energy source in feed are needed for the growth and maintenance of fish. Protein is probably the most important nutrient affecting fish growth and feed cost. Therefore, it is essential to determine the optimum dietary protein level for the growth of fish, both its high proportion in the feed and because it is the main factor in determining feed cost. Dietary energy level is also critical because protein source in the feed is utilized as an energy source when the feed deficient in energy is fed to fish, whereas when the feed excess in energy is fed to fish, feed consumption decreased and resulted in growth reduction due to lack of other necessary nutrients for normal growth. Improper dietary protein, energy levels and/or their ratio will lead to an increase of fish production cost and deterioration of water quality resulting from wasted feed; thus, they are important in formulating commercial feed. Dietary lipids play important roles in providing energy and essential fatty acid for normal growth and survival of fish. Although carbohydrates are not essential nutrients for carnivorous fish, these compounds play important roles as a low-cost energy source for protein sparing and also as a feed binder. Nutrition researches for flounder have identified its requirements of protein, lipid and essential fatty acid, vitamin, and minerals for normal growth. Other studies have also been carried out to investigate the utilization of the protein, lipid and carbohydrate sources. Based on these nutritional information obtained, practical feed formulations have been studied for improve aquaculture production of flounder. The results of the researches on utilization of dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate by flounder are discussed in this review.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2000

Because of the significant genetic improvement in animal performance, the use of high nutrient density diets has become common practice in animal industry. High oil corn(HOC) became available to feed manufacturers about half a decade ago. Current HOC contains approximately 87% higher crude fat, making its energy content 4.5 to 6% higher than that of typical corn. Its protein content is 3.3 to 6.4% higher, and its qualities are at least equal or better than that of typical corn. In addition, there are several non-nutritional benefits which may result from the use of HOC. These nutritional and non-nutritional advantages could be captured by the feed manufacturers in general, and poultry producers in particular.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.219-231
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to collect basic data on the prevention of and education about diabetes mellitus for the nutritional management of a diabetes mellitus risk group. The study which took place in Kangbukgu, Seoul, involved a diabetes mellitus risk group (DMR $\geq$ 110 mg/dL, 61), of males and females, aged 36 to 68 years, and a group of healthy people as a control group ( < 110 mg/dL, 183), using luting blood sugar (FBS) levels. The proportion of people in the abnormal range was higher in the DMR than that of control group for total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C), total protein, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and creatinine. Particularly with respect to serum protein the proportion in the DMR in abnormal range (p < 0.05) was significantly higher than that of the control group. The proportion in the DMR with a family history of disease was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01). Using body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and relative body weight (RBW), the obesity indices in the DMR was higher than that of the control group. Comparing the DMR and the control group with respect to dietary habits, it seems that the DMR had more undesirable dietary habits than the control group. When the intake of each nutrient for the DMR and the control group was compared to the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDA), the proportion of excess intake and deficient intake in the DMR was higher than that of the control group. The DMR showed a greater undesirable dietary intake pattern as compared to that of the control group, based on the RDA. With respect to the dietary diversity score (DDS) and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) for quality estimation of the overall flood intake, the DMR showed a feater undesirable pattern than the control group. According to the above results, the DMR tended to have more undesirable eating habits when compared to the control group. Therefore, to provide a more efficient nutritional education program for the DMR we must conduct lurker studies on eating habits, so as to provide systematic nutritional management based on theme differences between the DMR and the control group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.211-216
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• 1999

Protein nutritional quality of fish extracts processed at $110^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours with spicy vegetables (garlic, onion and ginger) were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo (rat assay) parameters, Protein and total lipid contents were closely related to the degree of discarding floated lipid on fish extracts and the kinds of added spicy vegetables. Hydrocooking ($110^{\circ}C$, 5 hours) tended to result in better protein qualities than high temperature cooking ($136\~140^{\circ}C$). Spicy vegetables had not remarkable effects on improving in vitro protein quality parameters. The fish extract with $10\%$ of ginger was generally higher in vitro protein digestibility than those of the other vegetables. In spite of generally higher in vivo protein digestibility of fish extracts containing spicy vegetables processed at mild condition ($110^{\circ}C$), Protein efficiency ratios (PER) of-these extracts were not higher than those of extracts processed at severe conditions ($136\~140^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.770-777
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• 2001

This study investigated nutritional status and eating behaviors among 59 nephritic patients with mild kidney malfunction in Korea. Nutritional status was measured by blood analysis and 1-3 day dietary recall and records, and eating behaviors were assessed by a questionnaire. Mean Body Mass Index(BMI) was within the normal range, while 21% and 14% of the patients were underweight and overweight, respectively. They received nutrition information mainly from doctors, nurses and mass media, but rarely from nutrition professionals. A quarter of patients skipped breakfast at least 3 times per 12% of the patients, respectively. Energy intake of 83% of the patients was less than the recommended level. Protein intakes of 56% of them were either under or over the recommended levels. Patients had low vitamin B$_2$ and calcium(<75% of the RDA) and excessive phosphorus(138% RDA) and vitamin C(170% RDA). Major food sources to absolute nutrient intakes were similar to those for the average Koreas, except for milk. Milk intake was low in our patients. Dietary quantity and quality were associated positively with BMI, albumin, and HDL-cholesterol and negatively with triglycerides and BUN. Results of this study indicate low nutritional status of the patients and, in turn a need for conducting nutritional education or counselling at regular at regular basis for the nephritic patients with mild kidney malfunction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate effects of nutrition education and exercise intervention on health and diet quality of middle-aged women. The subjects were 209 women who wanted to involve in the health promotion program run by Jincheon-Gun Health Center. Nutrition education was given once a week and dance sports were done twice a week for 3 months. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hour recall method and food records. Dietary habits and nutrition knowledge were investigated by self-administered questionnaires before and after the intervention program. Body and blood compositions were measured before and after the program. The nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) was significantly increased in energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B2 and calcium, mean adequacy ration (MAR) was significantly increased (p < 0.05), and also the index of nutritional quality (INQ) was significantly increased in protein (p < 0.01). Percent (%) RIs of protein (p < 0.01) and calcium (p < 0.05) were significantly increased and body weight (p < 0.001), body fat (p < 0.01), soft lean mass (p < 0.01) and BMI (p < 0.001) decreased. Over the 3-month study, there was a significant trend toward higher HDL-C and albumin levels and lower LDL-C level (p < 0.001). The results showed that nutrition education and exercise intervention could improve the body health and the diet quality.