• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1705-1712
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• 2007

The effect of different tropical feed sources on rumen ecology, cellulolytic bacteria, feed intake and digestibility of beef cattle was investigated. Four fistulated, castrated male crossbred cattle were randomly allocated to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The treatments were: T1) urea-treated (5%) rice straw (UTS); T2) cassava hay (CH); T3) fresh cassava foliage (FCF); T4) UTS:FCF (1:1 dry matter basis). Animals were fed concentrates at 0.3% of body weight on a DM basis and their respective diets on an ad libitum basis. The experimental period was 21 days. The results revealed that the use of UTS, CH, FCF and UTS:FCF as roughage sources could provide effective fiber and maintain an optimal range of ruminal pH and $NH_3-N$. Total viable and cellulolytic bacterial populations were enhanced (p<0.05) with UTS as the roughage source. Animals fed FCF had a higher rumen propionate production (p<0.05) with a lower cellulolytic bacteria count. Moreover, three predominant cellulolytic bacteria species, namely Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, were found in all treatment groups. Roughage intake and total DM intake were highest with UTS (2.2 and 2.5% BW, respectively) as the roughage source (p<0.05). Nutrient intake in terms of organic matter intake (OMI) was similar in UTS, CH and UTS:FCF treatments (8.0, 6.8 and 8.7 kg/d, respectively), while crude protein intake (CPI) was enhanced in CH, FCF and UTS:FCF as compared to the UTS treatment (p<0.05). Digestion coefficients of DM and organic matter (OM) were similar among treatments, while the CP digestion coefficients were similar in CH, FCF and UTS:FCF treatments, but were higher (p<0.05) in CH than in UTS. CP and ADF digestible intakes (kg/d) were highest (p<0.05) on the CH and UTS treatments, respectively. It was also observed that feeding FCF as a full-feed resulted in ataxia as well as frequent urination; therefore, FCF should only be fed fresh as part of the feed or be fed wilted. Hence, combined use of FCF and UTS as well as CH and FCF were recommended.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of exogenous enzymes as a potential means of improving the ruminal digestion (i.e., degradability) of alfalfa hay and rice straw. Twenty six enzyme-additives were examined in terms of protein concentration and enzymic activities on model substrates. The exogenous enzymes contained ranges of endoglucanase, xylanase, ${\beta}$-glucanase, ${\alpha}$-amylase, and protease activities. Six of the enzyme additives were chosen for further investigation. The enzyme additives and a control without enzyme were applied to mature quality alfalfa hay substrate and subsequently incubated in rumen batch cultures. Five of the enzyme additives (CE2, CE13, CE14, CE19, and CE24) increased total gas production (GP) at 48 h of incubation compared to the control (p<0.05). The two additives (CE14 and CE24) having the greatest positive effects on alfalfa hay dry matter, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) degradability were further characterized for their ability to enhance degradation of low quality forages. The treatments CE14, CE24, a 50:50 combination of CE14 and CE24 (CE14+24), and control (no enzyme) were applied to mature alfalfa hay and rice straw. For alfalfa hay, application of the two enzyme additives, alone and in combination, increased GP compared to the control at 48 h fermentation (p<0.05), whereas only CE14 and CE14+24 treatments improved GP from rice straw (p<0.05). Rumen fluid volatile fatty acid concentrations throughout the incubation of rice straw were analyzed. Acetate concentration was slightly lower (p<0.05) for CE14${\times}$CE24 compared to the control, although individually, CE14 and CE24 acetate concentrations were not different from the control. Increases (p<0.05) in alfalfa hay NDF degradability measured at 12 and 48 h of incubation occurred only for CE14 (at 12 h) and for CE14+24 (at 12 and 48 h). Similarly, ADF degradability increased (p<0.05) with CE14 and CE14+24. As for rice straw, increased DM degradability was observed at 12 and 48 h of incubation for all enzyme treatments with an exception for CE14 at 12 h. The degradability of NDF was improved by all the enzyme treatments at either incubation time, while ADF degradability was only enhanced at 48 h. Overall, the enzymes led to enhanced digestion of mature alfalfa and there was evidence of improved digestibility of rice straw, an even lower quality forage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of microbial inoculant on the quality of round baled grass silage at experimental field of Grassland and Forages Division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from 1997 to 1998. The experiment was consist of randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were three different inoculant (control, inoculant A, B and C). The contents of ether extract(EE), crude protein(CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) in inoculant treatment plots were higher than those in control. Silages treated by Inoculant A, Band C had significantly lower acidity than that of control silage (p<0.05). Dry matter(DM) content of control silage was higher than those of inoculant treated silage. There were significant differences in organic acid contents among treatments(p<0.05). Lactic acid was increased with inoculant treatment, but, acetic and butyric acid was decreased. The DM loss of all silages were decreased with inoculant treatment and quality grade of inoculant treated silage was higher than that of control. Results of this study indicate that addition of microbial inoculant will improve the fermentation and quality of round baled grass silage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2002

To obtain the repression of off-odor and the improvement of food quality in b1ack bean chungkugjang (BBC), some baste components of BBC added with kiwi (BBCK) or radish (BBCR) and fermented at 42$^{\circ}C$ for 3 days were investigated. Although contents of free amino acids in BBC were lower than those of soybean chung-kugjang (SC), they increased by adding kiwi and radish homogenate to black bean, indication that two materials were effective to the enzymatic digestibility of soy protein during fermentation. Among organic acids, citric acid was the most abundant, followed by acetic acid and lactic acid. Fatty acid composition was high in the order of linoleic acid (44.28~54.24%), oleic acid (18.18~22.10%) and palmitic acid(9.93~15.51%). There was no significant difference in compositions of organic acids and fatty acids of chungkugjangs. Majar volatile compounds of BBC were 2.5-dimethyl parazine and trimethyl pyrazine. Contents of alkyl pyrazines that of contribute the characteristic aroma and flayer of BBCK and BBCR decreased as compared with those of SC, respectively. Uracil and UMP were major nucleic acid-related compounds in all four types chungkugjangs. Contents of the other nucleic acid-related compounds showed a similar trend in all chungkugjangs. In sensory evaluation, kiwi and radish were effective to repression of off-odor from chungkugjang. Sweet taste of stew of black bean chungkugjang was strong as compared with that of soybean chungkugjang, indicating that palatability of BBCK or BBCR was good.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.240-248
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• 1996

To clarify the potentiality of sea cucumbers as dietary food, the effects of those glycoprotein on dietary proteins and physicochemical properties of those proteins were studied. Crude glycoprotein was efficiently extracted using 20mM sodium phosphate beffer(pH 7.0) and by salting out with 80% ammoniym sulfate saturation. The fractions obtained through the DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography was identified as glycoprotein by Schiff's reagent and SDS polyacrylanide gel electro-phoresis. The yields of each glycoprotein from the three kinds of sea cucumbers were 0.814(red), 0.184(blue) and 0.232(black) and the molecular weights of the glycoproteins subunits were ranged from 20,000 dalton(blue and black) to 29,000 dalton(red), respectively. The electrophoretic patterns of the glycoprotein isolates were similar to each other and any significant difference in amino acid pattern was observed. Predominant arnino scids were Asx(aspartic acid and asparagine) and Glx(glutamic acid and glutamine) ; in contrast, histidine and methionine were below 2% as compared to total amino acids. water holding capacities of the glycoprotein isolates from red, blue and black cucumbers were equally 100% and emulsion activities ranged from 53% to 64%. In addition the emulsion stabilities were 7.04, 1.37 and 2.44, respectively. In vitro digestibility of some proteins(casein, SPI and squid) was decreased as increasing the level of the freeze dried sea cucumber powder and glycoprotein isolates. But squid protein was not affected.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2002

Hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth) which is legume fur winter cover crop can supply nitrogen for companion crop and soil. The purpose of this study was to improve the forage quality and productivity using forage crop and hairy vetch in winter season fer three years. The results of this experiments were summarized as follows. Plant height of rye was decreased but hairy vetch was increased. The heading stage of rye did not show difference among the treatments. The content of dry mater(DM) was decreased with increased ratio of hairy vetch/rye but it did not show significant difference between seeding methods. Crude protein(CP) content tended to increase in mixture plots. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and NDF(neutral detergent fiber) content of mixture plots were lower than that of rye mono-cultivated. In vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) and TDN(total digestible nutrient) content were showed inverted tendency. The highest DM yield was in rye mono-cultivated, but it was similar between mono-cultivated and mixture I (P<0.05). In the CP yield, it did not show the significant difference between rye mono-culture and mixture I . The content of total nitrogen in soil showed slight increase as 0.06∼0.08%. Conclusively, mixture I showed equal or superior productivity and quality comparing with rye mono-cultivated, mixture I would be recommended to produce higher yield and to conserve soil environment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2002

Rye-hairy vetch mixture would be recommended fur produce higher yield and conserving soil environment. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of planting and harvest dates on quality and productivity of rye-hairy vetch mixture. Plant height of rye and hairy vetch was increased with delayed harvest dates, but it found that there was on significant difference among seeding dates. The dry matter(DM) content was increased with delayed harvest dates, and it showed 30% DM in mid-May. Crude protein(CP) content was decreased sharply from 17~18% in heading stage to 9~10% in flowering stage. The content of ADF(Acid detergent fiber) and NDF(Neutral detergent fiber) were increased with delayed harvest date, but IVDMD(In vitro dry matter digestibility) and TDN(Total digestible nutrient) were decreased. The change of dry matter yield was affected significantly by harvest date but was not by seeding time. The results of this experiments indicated that harvest in late-April would be recommended to produce the highest yield and quality if it is considered to cultivate com fur silage. Harvest in mid-May would be recommendable with the cultivation of early maturity silage corn or sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrids.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different sowing dates and cultivars on the forage yield and quality of winter rye (Secale cereale L.). The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of two sowing dates such as early (15 September) and late (30 September). The subplots consisted of rye cultivars of five different maturity groups such as 'Kodiak' (Late), 'Koolgrazer' (Early), 'Danko' (Late), 'Homil22' (Medium) and 'Olhomi1' (Early). Dry matter (DM) content at early sowing (19.7%) was higher than those at late sowing (17.8%), while crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents at early sowing (16.6% and 61.6%) were lower than those at late sowing (16.8% and 63.1%). Although DM content of early maturing cultivars (Koolgrazer and Olhomi1) was higher than the other cultivars, CP and TDN contents of those were lower compared to other cultivars. The contents of fiber components (ADF, NDF and cellulose) at early sowing were higher than those at late sowing, while ADL and hemicellulose at early sowing were lower than those at late sowing. ADF and cellulose of early maturing cultivars were higher than those of the other cultivars, while ADL and hemicellulose of Danko were higher than that of the other cultivars. DM, CP, In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and TDN yields at early sowing were higher than those at late sowing, and early maturing cultivars were higher than those of the other cultivars. Results of this study indicate that forage production technology in combination with early sowing and use of early maturing rye cultivar could enhance both production and quality of rye.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2010

Until now, The experiment about the forage crop have been almost not conducted on the reclaimed land. Therefore, this experiment was carried out in order to know productivity of summer forage crop using slurry composting-biofilteration (SCB) liquid fertilizer on reclaimed land of Hwaong and Sukmoon in korea from 2008 to 2009. The forage crops used in this experiment were corn and sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid which are used as summer forage crops in South Korea. The experiment was treated with chemical fertilizer (CF), swine slurry (SS) and SCB liquid fertilizer. Dry matter (DM) yield of corn was higher than those of sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid in both reclaimed lands but the effect of SCB liquid fertilizer was not appeared. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of corn were lower than those of sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid. The crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of corn were higher than those of sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid. In generally feed values of corn were higher than those of sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid. The results of this study showed that summer forage crop cultivation using uses SCB liquid fertilizer on reclaimed land are possible.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to know adaptability and forage production and quality of sorghum and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass and sudangrass hybrids at paddy field from 2007 to 2008 at Chonnam province. Among growth characters of six Hybrids, 'SX17' hybrid was somewhat strong for waterlogging, and higher sugar content and very good at the 2nd regrowth and disease resistance. Fresh yield of 'SX17' hybrid was the highest as 89,192kg per ha among 6 Sorghum and Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass and Sudangrass hybrids. The dry matter yield of 'SX17' hybrid was also the highest as 21,038 kg per ha. The result of this study showed that 'SX17' hybrid had good growth characters and forage productivity and crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD).