• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.970-973
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• 2001

An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of feeding concentrate mixtures varying in bypass protein levels with urea-treated or untreated grass on the performance of twelve Red Kandhari calves (14 months of age and 78.15 kg body weight) for a period of 75 days. Dry grass was treated with 4 percent urea solution and ensiled for 30 days. The CP ($N{\times}6.25$) content in urea treated grass increased from 3.96 to 8.89 percent. Two iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous concentrate mixtures (CM-I and CM-II) varying in RDP to UDP ratio viz., 65:35 and 55.45 were prepared. The calves in control group ($T_1$) were fed concentrate mixture-I with ad libitum untreated dry grass and those in experimental group ($T_2$) were fed concentrate mixture-II with ad libitum urea treated dry grass. The dry matter consumption in group $T_2$ was significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to group $T_1$. The total DMI in $T_1$ and $T_2$ was 146.92 and 166.95 kg respectively, whereas the DMI per day and per 100 kg body weight was 1.94 and 2.22 and 1.90 and 2.35 kg, respectively. The average total gain in body weight (kg) and average daily gain (g) of calves in $T_2$ was significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to those in $T_1$ the values being 28.66, 18.33 and 382.16, 244.44, respectively. Feed efficiency in terms of kg DM per kg gain in body weight was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group $T_1$ than in $T_2$. The cost of feed per kg gain in body weight for $T_2$ and $T_1$ group was Rs. 21.14, 28.22, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NDF and ADF were 59.60, 57.50, 53.00, 65.04, 45.82, 48.48, 52.48 and 55.73 for $T_1$ group. The coressponding values were 68.78, 67.80, 59.83, 71.41, 49.93, 53.37 and 57.81, respectively for $T_2$ group. The digestibility coefficients for all the proximate principles in $T_2$ were significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to $T_1$. However, NDF and ADF digestibilities were not significantly different. Nutritive value determined in terms of DCP and TDN for The experimental ration was significantly (p<0.01) higher than control ration, the values being 7.32 and 47.34 and 9.39 and 52.40% respectively. The blood urea nitrogen levels at 0, 3 and 6 h interval after feeding were significantly (p<0.01) lower in calves fed experiment ration as compared to control. The overall results indicated that in Red Kandhari calves an optimum growth can be economically achieved by feeding 4 percent urea treated dry and mature grass as basal roughage supplemented with a concentrate mixture containing 20 percent CP, 70% TDN and 45% UDP/bypass protein.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.812-819
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• 2013

Forty two Malpura lambs (21 d old) were divided into three groups of 14 each consisting of 8 females and 6 males. Lambs were allowed to suckle their respective dams twice daily up to weaning (13 wks) and offered free choice concentrate and roughage in a cafeteria system. The lambs in control group were fed conventional concentrate mixture, in RBO group concentrate mixture fortified with 4% industrial grade rice bran oil and in Ca-soap rice bran oil (as in RBO group) was supplemented in the form of calcium soap. The concentrate intake decreased($p{\leq}0.05$) in RBO group as a result total dry matter, crude protein and metabolizable energy intake decreased compared to control whereas Ca-soap prepared from the same rice bran oil stimulated the concentrate intake leading to higher total dry matter, crude protein and energy intakes. The digestibility of dry matter ($p{\leq}0.05$), organic matter ($p{\leq}0.05$) and crude protein ($p{\leq}0.05$) was higher in RBO group followed by Ca-soap and control whereas no effect was observed for ether extract digestibility. Higher cholesterol ($p{\leq}0.05$) content was recorded in serum of oil supplemented groups (RBO and Ca-soap) while no effect was recorded for other blood parameters. Rice bran oil as such adversely affected and reduced the body weight gain ($p{\leq}0.001$) of lambs in comparison to control whereas the Ca-soap of rice bran oil improved body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in lambs. Fat supplementation decreased total volatile fatty acids ($p{\leq}0.05$) and individual volatile fatty acid concentration which increased at 4 h post feeding. Fat supplementation also reduced ($p{\leq}0.05$) total protozoa count. Ca-soap of rice bran oil improved pre slaughter weight ($p{\leq}0.05$) and hot carcass weight ($p{\leq}0.05$). It is concluded from the study that rice bran oil in the form of calcium soap at 40 g/kg of concentrate improved growth, feed conversion efficiency and carcass quality as compared to rice bran oil as such and control groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.651-654
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• 2001

A study was made of the efficiency of ammonia N retention by Jowar kadbi (sorghum straw), initially 6.41% crude protein (CP), treated with 4% urea solution. After 30 days the CP in straw that was unchaffed and had been left uncovered was 10.02, and in chaffed straw that had been covered with a polythene sheet was 10.9%. The two treated straws were each fed to six crossbred (HF$\times$Deoni) calves, initially $12{\pm}2$ months old and $86.7{\pm}3.2kg$ bodyweight. They were also given two isocaloric (70% TDN) and isonitrogenous (20% CP) concentrate mixtures differing in calculated Rumen Degradable to Undegradable Dietary Protein ratio (RDP:UDP). Those fed the unchaffed uncovered treated straw (treatment C) received 65 RDP:35UDP and the other group (T1) received concentrate with a 55:45 ratio. The T1 group had the higher DM intake (p<0.01) in total (306 vs 268 kg), per day (4.1 vs 3.6 kg) and per unit bodyweight. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF, but not ADF, was higher in T1 and that group had the higher daily gain (517 vs 333 g) and higher total gain (38.8 vs 25.0 kg) over the 75 d of the feeding trial. It is concluded that chaffing and covering of Jowar kadbi treated with urea, not likely to be adopted by farmers because of financial constraints, does not confer important benefits. A concentrate supplement (estimated 45% of the CP as UDP) to calves given the treated straw has a beneficial effect on their growth and development.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.658-664
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine a proper feeding regime for lactating Holstein cows during the warm season in Taiwan. In Feeding Trial, 21 lactating Holstein cows were randomly allotted into three feeding regimes in a Completely Randomized Design. The feeding regimes were roughage fed ad libitum along with concentrate fed either twice daily (2C) or four times daily (4C), and total mixed ration (TMR) for 8 weeks. No significant differences among the three feeding regimes were found in body weight changes, and intakes in terms of dry matter, crude protein and net energy. For milk yield and 4% FCM yield, 4C were higher than the other two feeding regimes (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in milk compositions or differences noted in the yields of the respective milk components. TMR was worse than 2C and 4C (p<0.05) in milk production efficiencies in terms of dry matter intake per kg milk yield, crude protein intake per kg milk protein yield, as well as dry matter intake, net energy intake and crude protein intake per kg 4% FCM yield. Three ruminally fistulated Holstein dry cows were randomly assigned into the same three feeding regimes in a 3${\times}$3 Latin Square Design. No significant differences were found among the feeding regimes in ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, total VFA concentration, molar percentages of VFA, and acetic acid: propionic acid ratio (C$_2$/C$_3$). Taken all together, roughage fed ad libitum and concentrate fed four times daily was the better feeding regime for lactating cows during the warm season in Taiwan.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.613-620
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed at studying the potential use of Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) as a protein source fodder to improve nutrients digestibility and ruminal fermentation efficiency in beef cattle. Methods: Four, Thai native beef cattle were randomly assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design. Four levels of Flemingia hay meal (FHM) were used to replace soybean meal (SBM) in the concentrate mixtures in four dietary treatments replacing levels at 0%, 30%, 60%, and 100% of SBM. Results: The experimental findings revealed that replacements did not effect on intake of rice straw, concentrate and total dry matter (DM) intake (p>0.05). However, the apparent digestibilities of DM, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber were linearly increased up to 100% replacement levels. Moreover, the production of total volatile fatty acids, and propionate concentration were enhanced (p<0.05) whereas the concentration of acetate was reduced in all replacement groups. Consequently, the CH4 production was significantly lower when increasing levels of FHM for SBM (p<0.05). Furthermore, rumen bacterial population was additionally increased (p<0.05) while protozoal population was clearly decreased (p<0.05) in all replacement groups up to 100%. In addition, microbial nitrogen supply and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis were enhanced (p<0.05), as affected by FHM replacements. Conclusion: The findings under this experiment suggest that 100% FHM replacement in concentrate mixture enhanced rumen fermentation efficiency, nutrients digestibilities, bacterial population, microbial protein synthesis, and subsequently reduced CH4 production in beef cattle fed on rice straw.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.452-458
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• 2003

Soybean is a rich source of isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein. Soy isoflavones have both weak estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects and are structurally similar to tamoxifen, an agent that has an effect similar to that of estrogen in terms of reducing postmenopausal bone loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of differences in protein source (casein vs soy) and isoflavone levels (reduced vs higher levels) on selected bone markers and hormones in growing male rats. Thirty weanling Sprague-Dawley young rats were divided into 3 groups: The control group was fed a casein-based diet, the soy concentrate group was fed soy protein with totally reduced isoflavones content (isoflavones 0.07 mg/g protein), and the soy isolate group was fed soy protein with a higher than normal isoflavones content (isoflavones 3.4 mg/g protein). The degree of bone formation was estimated by measuring serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphoatase (ALP). By determining collagen cross-linkage by immunoassay and correcting with creatinine values, the bone resorption rate was compared. Serum osteocalcin, growth hormone, estrogen and calcitonin were analyzed using radio immunoassay kits. The bone formation marker and ALP activity were differentiated by protein source, showing higher values than casein in feeding either soy isolate or soy concentrate. In this study using growing rats, the differences in isoflavone contents were not a significant factor in either bone formation or bone reaborption markers. Moreover, the soy isolate group had significantly higher levels of growth hormone than the casein group. The findings of this study suggest that growth hormone is partially responsible for its bone-formation effects in young growing rats. Soy protein and the isoflavones in soy protein are beneficial for bone-formation in growing male rats. Therefore, exposure to soy protein and isoflavones early in life may have long-term health benefits in preventing bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Further study to evaluate the mechanism of action of isoflavones on bones is warranted. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 452∼458, 2003)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1383-1389
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• 2004

The nutritive value and utilization of whole crop rice silage (WCRS), Hamasari, at yellow mature stage was determined by three studies. In first study, chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) content of WCRS was determined by Holstein steers. WCRS contains 6.23% CP, its digestibility is 48.4% and estimated TDN is 56.4%. Its ME content was 1.91 Mcal/kg DM. Gross energy (GE) retention (% of GE intake) in steers is only 22.7% most of which was lost through feces (44.7% of GE intake). It takes 81 minutes to chew a kg of WCRS by steers. In another study, the effect of Hamasari at yellow mature stage at three stages of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) and two levels of concentrate (40 or 60%) on voluntary intake, ME content and ME intake, milk yield and composition using lactating Holstein dairy cows were investigated. Total intake increased with the concentrate level in early and mid lactation, but was similar irrespective of concentrate level in late lactation. WCRS intake was higher with 40% concentrate level than with 60% concentrate. ME intake by cows increased with the concentrate level and WCRS in early lactating cows with 40% concentrate can support only 90% of the ME requirement. Milk production in accordance with ME intake increased with the increase in concentrate level in early and mid lactating cows but was similar in late lactating cows irrespective of concentrate level. Fat and protein percent of milk in mid and late lactating cows were higher with for 60% concentrate than 40%, but reverse was in early lactating cows. Solids-not-fat was higher with for 60% concentrate than 40% concentrate. Finally in situ degradability of botanical fractions such as leaf, stem, head and whole WCRS, Hamasari at yellow mature stage was incubated from 0 to 96 h in Holstein steers to determine DM and N degradability characteristics of botanical fractions and whole WCRS. Both DM and N solubility, rate of degradation and effective degradability of leaf of silage was lower, but slowly degradable fraction was higher compared to stem and head. Solubility of DM and N of stem was higher than other fractions. The 48 h degradability, effective degradability and rate of degradation of leaf were always lower than stem or head. In conclusion, voluntary intake of silage ranged from 5 to 12 kg/d and was higher with low levels of concentrate, but milk yield was higher with high levels of concentrate. Fat corrected milk yield ranged from 19 to 37 kg per day. For consistency of milk, early lactating cows should not be allowed more than 40% whole crop rice silage in the diet, but late lactating cows may be allowed 60% whole crop rice silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2006

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of choice feeding on growth performance, carcass quality, gastrointestinal development and feed utilization of 22-49 days old broilers. One hundred and forty four 22-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to 3 treatments with 4 replicates per treatment and 12 birds per replicate. Three feeding regimes are complete diet (control), ground corn and protein concentrate (treatment I), and soybean meal and balancer (treatment II). Protein concentrate is the residue part of complete diet without corn, and balancer is the residue part of complete diet without soybean meal. Treatment I and II are designed for the broilers to freely choose the two parts of diet. The results showed that: (1) broilers under choice feeding (treatment I and II) had lower performances compared with the control; (2) gastrointestinal development and the efficiency ratios that broilers converted dietary crude protein and lysine to body weight gain were improved in treatment I (p<0.05); (3) there were no significant differences in the apparent metabolizabilities of dietary dry matter, crude protein and gross energy, and deposition ratios of dietary nitrogen and energy, and carcass quality among three feeding regimes (p>0.05).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1179-1188
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• 2018

This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of using natural calcium mixtures and various binding ingredients as replacers for synthetic phosphate in ground pork products. We performed seven treatments: control (0.3% phosphate blend), treatment 1 (0.5% natural calcium mixtures [NCM, which comprised 0.2% oyster shell calcium and 0.3% egg shell calcium powder] and 0.25% egg white powder), treatment 2 (0.5% NCM and 0.25% whey protein concentrate), treatment 3 (0.5% NCM and 0.25% concentrated soybean protein), treatment 4 (0.5% NCM and 0.25% isolated soybean protein), treatment 5 (0.5% NCM and 0.25% carrageenan), and treatment 6 (0.5% NCM and 0.25% collagen powder). All the treatment mixtures had higher pH and lower cooking loss than the control, which was treated with phosphate. We found that NCM and binding ingredients had no negative effects on the moisture content, lightness, and yellowness of the cooked ground pork products. Treatments 3 and 4 showed significantly lower CIE $a^*$ values than the control. Treatments 2 and 6 improved the textural properties of the products. In conclusion, the combination of NCM with whey protein concentrate or collagen powder could be suitable for producing phosphate-free meat products.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to determine the optimal dilution magnification for Omi-Galsu. The pH of Omi-Galsu generated by varying the temperature of 200cc of water ($4^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$) and quantity of Omi-Galsu concentrate (36 g, 45 g, 54 g) was $3.24{\sim}3.33$ and the sugar content of the solution was $6.60{\sim}9.50$, higher than the tea beverages on the market and slightly lower than fruit juice beverages. The Omi-Galsu had a caloric content of $30.65{\sim}38.70\;kcal$, and a protein content of $0.45{\sim}0.65%$. As a result of the sensory evaluations conducted during the summer season, it was determined that the Omi-Galsu produced by mixing 54 g of Omi-Galsu concentrate into 200cc water at $4^{\circ}C$ or $80^{\circ}C$ was the most preferred; however, during the winter months, the "gusto" of the Omi-Galsu produced by mixing 54g concentrate into 200cc water at $4^{\circ}C$ or 45 g of concentrate into 200cc water of $80^{\circ}C$ was preferred most strongly. All in all, the optimal dilution magnification for Omi-Galsu was found to be $4.7{\sim}5.4$.