• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.227-234
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• 1996

This study was designed to characterize endotoxin-induced prostaglandin production in primary cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The time course for prostaglandin synthesis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated VSMC showed that the maximum production was reached in 12 hours. LPS induced prostaglandin H2 synthase (PGHS) activity in VSMC and the time course profile in the changes of PGHS activity paralleled that of total prostaglandin production. Differential treatment showed that 4 hours' exposure to LPS was enough for the maximum effect on the prostaglandin production and this effect was completely inhibited by the co-treatment of actinomycin D, a transcription inhibitor. These results suggest that LPS effect might be determined within 4 hours. Actinomycin D increased PGHS activity without affecting prostaglandin production if added 4 hours after LPS treatment. On the other hand, cyclogeximide, a translation inhibitor, augmented LPS-induced prostaglandin production if treated during first four hours, but it inhibited LPS-induced PGHS activity regardless of treatment schedule. These results suggest the existence of multiple regulating mechanisms in the LPS-induced prostaglandin synthesis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.103-108
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• 2005

Tacrine analogues for degenerative brain disease treatments have been designed. A series of diazaanthrine derivatives as novel analogues of tacrine has been prepared through the alkyl substitution and the ring expansion. They were expected to retain anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of prostaglandin production with reduction of side effect as the selective prostaglandin synthase inhibitor. Prostaglandin synthase expression is associated with the deposition of beta-amyloid protein in neuritic plaques in brain inflammation. Therefore selective prostaglandin synthase blockade is important for the prevention and treatment of alzheimer's disease. To evaluate inhibitory effect of prostaglandin synthase, synthetic tacrine derivatives were screened with accumulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by lipopolysaccharide in aspirin-treated murine macrophage cell. Most of synthetic compounds have shown significant prostaglandin synthase activities in vitro screening with $84.3{\sim}33.6\%$ inhibition of the prostaglandin $E_2$ production at $10\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.65-73
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• 2010

Objectives : Recently, Pharmacopuncture therapy has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Especially, we have been interested in chemical mediators concerned with inflammation such as prostaglandin, nitric oxide. The purpose of this study is investigated that the effect of Ampelopsis Radix Pharmacopuncture solution in RAW 264.7 macrophages, performed several experimental items : those are Prostaglandin $E_2$, Nitric Oxide and Cyclooxygenase-2. Methods : The cytotoxicity of Ampelopsis Radix Pharmacopuncture solution in RAW 264.7 macrophages were measured by MTT assay. In order to observe cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, RT-PCR was used. Prostaglandin $E_2$ production and Nitric Oxide production was measured by nitric oxide detection kit and Prostaglandin $E_2$ assay kit. Results : 1. The MTT assay demonstrated that cytotoxic effect of Ampelopsis Radix Pharmacopuncture solution in RAW 264.7 macrophages was not appeared. 2. Ampelopsis Radix Pharmacopuncture solution inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 3. Ampelopsis Radix Pharmacopuncture solution inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 4. Ampelopsis Radix Pharmacopuncture solution inhibited Prostaglandin $E_2$ production in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Conclusions : On the basis of these results, It was shown that Ampelopsis Radix Pharmacopuncture solution was able to inhibit the production of $PGE_2$ and NO, as well as COX-2 mRNA expression. Our results may provide new mechanism by which Ampelopsis Radix Pharmacopuncture solution accounts for its beneficial effect on accelerating wound healing and anti-inflammation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2008

8-Acyl and 8-sulfonylamidowogonin analogues were synthesized as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Nitration of 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (chrysin) followed by methylation of phenol groups and reduction of nitro group yielded 8-aminowogonin analogues. Acylation and sufonylation of 8-aminowogonin followed by demethylation reactions gave the title compunds. The synthesized wogonin analogues showed much reduced inhibitory activity on prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$ production.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.574-582
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• 1994

The effects of age and dietary fatty acid composition on prostagladin production was investigated in Sprague-Dawley strain male rats. Animals weighing 88.6$\pm$2.2g were fed 10% dietary fat(W/W, 20% of total energy). The P/S ratios of dietary lipid were three levels(0.5, 1, 2) and there were three different levels of n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio(2, 4, 8) in each P/S ratio. The experimental period were 1 month and 12 months, respectively. The results of this study were as follows. As the age of rats increased, the plasma thromboxane B2 production increased, but aorta 6-keto prostaglandin F1$\alpha$ decreased. When a higher amount of n-3 fatty acid was fed in each P/S ratio, the relative percentage of linolenic acid and EPA in platelet increased.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.909-922
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high glucose on prostaglandin E2 production in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells in vitro. In control group, the cells($5{\times}10^4\;cells/ml$) were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium contained with 10% fetal bovine serum, 45mg/dl glucose. In experimental groups, glucose was added to the above culture condition at the final glucose concentrations of 100mg/dl(Test group 1), 200mg/dl (Test group 2) and 400mg/dl (Test group 3). Then each group was tested for the cell proliferation rate, protein levels, and prostaglandin E2 production at $\frac{1}{2}$, 1, 2, 5 days. The results were as follows : 1. As glucose concentration increased, cell proliferation rate decreased significantly at 1, 2, 5 days in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells(P<0.01). 2. In human gingival fibroblasts, test group 2 and 3 showed significantly decreased protein levels as compared to control group at 5 days (P<0.01). 3. In human periodontal ligament cells, as glucose concentration increased, protein levels decreased significantly at 2 days and 5 days(P<0.01). 4. Prostaglandin $E_2$ production in human gingival fibroblasts and human periodontal ligament cells significantly increased as glucose concentration increased(P<0.01). results at 5 days showed obvious difference as compared to those at 2 days. From the above results, high glucose appeared to affect cellular activities including cell proliferation rate, protein levels and enhance prostaglandin $E_2$ production. It was assumed that prostaglandin E2 production by high glucose enhances inflammatory reaction and has a toxic effect on human gingival fibroblasts and human periodontal ligament cells. This study suggests that periodontal disease in diabetic patient is related to prostaglandin $E_2$ production.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1987

Cyclobuxine D was extracted from Buxus microphylla var. koreana Nakai. The effects of cyclobuxine D on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid in guinea pig lung, prostaglandin production and leukocyte migration in carrageenin-induced inflammation was investigated. These effects of cyclobuxine D were compared with those of aspirin and dexamethasone. Cyclobuxine D does not inhibit significantly cyclooxygenase in guinea pig lung but reduces prostaglandin concentration and leukocyte migration in inflammatory exudates. These effects of cyclobuxine D differ from that of aspirin which inhibits biosynthesis of prostaglandin in vitro and has a relative small effect on leukocyte migration. Dexamethasone, which does not inhibit cyclooxygenase in vitro, has an effect similar to that of cyclobuxine D on leukocyte migration and prostaglandin production in inflammatory exudates.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.782-788
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• 1997

This study was designed to characterize glucose-enhancing effects on endotoxin-induced prostaglandin production in primary cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). High glucose treatment significantly augmented prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated VSMC and this effect was maximal at the concentration of 4mg/ml. It has been reported that increases in glucose metabolism through sorbitol pathway could alter the cytosolic $NADH/NAD^+$ ratio and this change favors de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) and, in turn. Results in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in vascular tissues. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, staurosporin and H7, blocked the glucose enhancing effect, and DAG, a PKC activator, significantly increased the PG production stimuated by LPS. Sodium pyruvate, which can reverse the alteration in cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio, reduced the high glucose effect on PG production. And also, zopolrestat, a strong aldose reductase inhibitor, almost completely blocked the augmentation effect of glucose on PG synthesis. Arachidonic acid release was significantly increased in high glucose treated group, which implied the increase in $PLA_2$ activity was associated with glucose enhancing effect. Metabloic, labeling study clearly showed that de novo synthesis of prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) is greatly increased in high glucose treated group and this was mitigated by the treatment of zopolrestat. Taken together, the activation of PKC through sorbitol pathway increased the activities of $PLA_2$ and PGHS which resulted in the augmentation in LPS-induced PG production in high glucose treated VSMC.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.520-525
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• 2012

Prostaglandin (PG) $E_2$, the most abundant prostaglandin in the human body, is synthesized from arachidonic acid via the actions of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. $PGE_2$ exerts homeostatic, cytoprotective, inflammatory, and in some cases anti-inflammatory effects. Also, it has been reported that $PGE_2$ is involved in hair growth. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) is a phlorotannin compound isolated from the brown algae Ishige okamurae, with various biological activities in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the biological effect and mechanism of action of DPHC on prostaglandin synthesis in HaCaT human keratinocytes was examined. The results showed that, in these cells, DPHC significantly and dose-dependently induced $PGE_2$ synthesis by increasing the protein and mRNA levels of COX-1 and COX-2. Interestingly, DPHC-induced COX-1 expression preceded that of COX-2. Also, while both rofecoxib and indomethacin inhibited $PGE_2$ production, the latter was seems to be the more potent. From above results, we can expect that DPHC has some beneficial effects via increasing of $PGE_2$ production.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.13-22
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• 2019

Objectives : Armeniacae semen is the seed of Prunus armenica L. var. ansu MAXIM, and this is classified into Rosaceae. Armeniacae semen has been used for centuries in traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammatory diseases. Amygdalin is the major compound of Armeniacae semen, and it is now being used for the treatment of pain and cancer. Methods : In the present study, we compared the effects of an aqueous extract of Armeniacae semen and a solution of amygdalin extracted from Armeniacae semen on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated prostaglandin E2 synthesis and nitric oxide production in mouse BV-2 microglial cells. For this study, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), prostaglandin E2 immunoassay and nitric oxide detection were performed on mouse BV-2 microglial cells. Results : In the present study, an aqueous extract of Armeniacae semen and an amygdalin solution extracted from Armeniacae semen suppressed prostaglandin E2 synthesis and nitric oxide production by inhibiting the LPS-induced enhancement of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) mRNA and the inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in mouse BV-2 cells. For the cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1) expression, an aqueous extract of Armeniacae semen showed a more potent suppression effect compared to the amygdalin solution. However, the amygdalin solution more potently suppressed the LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA expression compared to the aqueous extract of Armeniacae semen. Conclusions : As a result, aqueous extract of Armeniacae semen and amygdalin exert anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.