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옥천대(沃川帶) 우라늄광층(鑛層)의 구조규제(構造規制) 및 지구화학적(地球化學的) 특성연구(特性硏究) (Lithologic and Structural Controls and Geochemistry of Uranium Deposition in the Ogcheon Black-Slate Formation)

  • 이대성;윤석규;이종혁;김정택
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제19권spc호
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    • pp.19-41
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    • 1986
  • Structural, radioactive, petrological, petrochemical, mineralogical and stable isotopic study as well as the review of previous studies of the uranium-bearing slates in the Ogcheon sequence were carried out to examine the lithological and structural controls, and geochemical environment in the uranium deposition in the sequence. And the study was extended to the coal-bearing formation (Jangseong Series-Permian) to compare the geochemical and sedimentologic aspects of uranium chemistry between Ogcheon and Hambaegsan areas. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The uranium mineralization occurs in the carbonaceous black slates of the middle to lower Guryongsan formation and its equivalents in the Ogcheon sequence. In general, two or three uranium-bearing carbonaceous beds are found with about 1 to 1.5km stratigraphic interval and they extend from Chungju to Jinsan for 90km in distance, with intermittent igneous intrusions and structural Jisturbances. Average thickness of the beds ranges from 20 to 1,500m. 2. These carbonaceous slate beds were folded by a strong $F_1$-fold and were refolded by subsequent $F_1$-fold, nearly co-axial with the $F_1$, resulting in a repeated occurrence of similar slate. The carbonaceous beds were swelled in hing zones and were shrinked or thined out in limb by the these foldings. Minor faulting and brecciation of the carbonaceous beds were followed causing metamorphism of these beds and secondary migration and alteration of uranium minerals and their close associations. 3. Uranium-rich zones with high radioactive anomalies are found in Chungju, Deogpyong-Yongyuri, MiwonBoun, Daejeon-Geumsan areas in the range of 500~3,700 cps (corresponds to 0.017~0.087%U). These zones continue along strike of the beds for several tens to a few hundred meters but also discontinue with swelling and pinches at places that should be analogously developed toward underground in their vertical extentions. The drilling surveyings in those area, more than 120 holes, indicate that the depth-frequency to uranium rich bed ranging 40~160 meter is greater. 4. The features that higher radioactive anomalies occur particularly from the carbonaceous beds among the argillaceous lithologic units, are well demonstrated on the cross sections of the lithology and radioactive values of the major uranium deposits in the Ogcheon zone. However, one anomalous radioactive zone is found in a l:ornfels bed in Samgoe, near Daejeon city. This is interpreted as a thermal metamorphic effect by which original uranium contents in the underlying black slate were migrated into the hornfels bed. 5. Principal minerals of the uranium-bearing black slates are quartz, sericite, biotite and chlorite, and as to chemical composition of the black slates, $Al_2O_3$ contents appear to be much lower than the average values by its clarke suggesting that the Changri basin has rather proximal to its source area. 6. The uranium-bearing carbonaceous beds contain minor amounts of phosphorite minerals, pyrite, pyrrhotite and other sulfides but not contain iron oxides. Vanadium. Molybdenum, Barium, Nickel, Zirconium, Lead, Cromium and fixed Carbon, and some other heavy metals appear to be positive by correlative with uranium in their concentrations, suggesting a possibility of their genetic relationships. The estimated pH and Eh of the slate suggests an euxenic marine to organic-rich saline water environment during uranium was deposited in the middle part of Ogcheon zone. 7. The Carboniferous shale of Jangseong Series(Sadong Series) of Permian in Hambaegsan area having low radioactivity and in fluvial to beach deposits is entirely different in geochemical property and depositional environment from the middle part of Ogcheon zone, so-called "Pibanryong-Type Ogcheon Zone". 8. Synthesizing various data obtained by several aspects of research on uranium mineralization in the studied sequence, it is concluded that the processes of uranium deposition were incorporated with rich organic precipitation by which soluble uranyl ions, $U{_2}^{+{+}}$ were organochemically complexed and carried down to the pre-Ogcheon sea bottoms formed in transitional environment, from Red Sea type basin to Black Sea type basin. Decomposition of the organic matter under reducing conditions to hydrogen sulfide, which reduced the $UO{_2}^{+2}$ ions to the insoluble uranium dioxide($UO_2$), on the other side the heavy metals are precipitated as sulfides. 9. The EPMA study on the identification of uraninite and others and the genetic interpretation of uranium bearing slates by isotopic values of this work are given separately by Yun, S. in 1984.

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Evolutionary Explanation for Beauveria bassiana Being a Potent Biological Control Agent Against Agricultural Pests

  • Han, Jae-Gu
    • 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국균학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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    • pp.27-28
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    • 2014
  • Beauveria bassiana (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is an anamorphic fungus having a potential to be used as a biological control agent because it parasitizes a wide range of arthropod hosts including termites, aphids, beetles and many other insects. A number of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) have been isolated from B. bassiana and functionally verified. Among them, beauvericin and bassianolide are cyclic depsipeptides with antibiotic and insecticidal effects belonging to the enniatin family. Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) play a crucial role in the synthesis of these secondary metabolites. NRPSs are modularly organized multienzyme complexes in which each module is responsible for the elongation of proteinogenic and non-protein amino acids, as well as carboxyl and hydroxyacids. A minimum of three domains are necessary for one NRPS elongation module: an adenylation (A) domain for substrate recognition and activation; a tholation (T) domain that tethers the growing peptide chain and the incoming aminoacyl unit; and a condensation (C) domain to catalyze peptide bond formation. Some of the optional domains include epimerization (E), heterocyclization (Cy) and oxidation (Ox) domains, which may modify the enzyme-bound precursors or intermediates. In the present study, we analyzed genomes of B. bassiana and its allied species in Hypocreales to verify the distribution of NRPS-encoding genes involving biosynthesis of beauvericin and bassianolide, and to unveil the evolutionary processes of the gene clusters. Initially, we retrieved completely or partially assembled genomic sequences of fungal species belonging to Hypocreales from public databases. SM biosynthesizing genes were predicted from the selected genomes using antiSMASH program. Adenylation (A) domains were extracted from the predicted NRPS, NRPS-like and NRPS-PKS hybrid genes, and used them to construct a phylogenetic tree. Based on the preliminary results of SM biosynthetic gene prediction in B. bassiana, we analyzed the conserved gene orders of beauvericin and bassianolide biosynthetic gene clusters among the hypocrealean fungi. Reciprocal best blast hit (RBH) approach was performed to identify the regions orthologous to the biosynthetic gene cluster in the selected fungal genomes. A clear recombination pattern was recognized in the inferred A-domain tree in which A-domains in the 1st and 2nd modules of beauvericin and bassianolide synthetases were grouped in CYCLO and EAS clades, respectively, suggesting that two modules of each synthetase have evolved independently. In addition, inferred topologies were congruent with the species phylogeny of Cordycipitaceae, indicating that the gene fusion event have occurred before the species divergence. Beauvericin and bassianolide synthetases turned out to possess identical domain organization as C-A-T-C-A-NM-T-T-C. We also predicted precursors of beauvericin and bassianolide synthetases based on the extracted signature residues in A-domain core motifs. The result showed that the A-domains in the 1st module of both synthetases select D-2-hydroxyisovalerate (D-Hiv), while A-domains in the 2nd modules specifically activate L-phenylalanine (Phe) in beauvericin synthetase and leucine (Leu) in bassianolide synthetase. antiSMASH ver. 2.0 predicted 15 genes in the beauvericin biosynthetic gene cluster of the B. bassiana genome dispersed across a total length of approximately 50kb. The beauvericin biosynthetic gene cluster contains beauvericin synthetase as well as kivr gene encoding NADPH-dependent ketoisovalerate reductase which is necessary to convert 2-ketoisovalarate to D-Hiv and a gene encoding a putative Gal4-like transcriptional regulator. Our syntenic comparison showed that species in Cordycipitaceae have almost conserved beauvericin biosynthetic gene cluster although the gene order and direction were sometimes variable. It is intriguing that there is no region orthologous to beauvericin synthetase gene in Cordyceps militaris genome. It is likely that beauvericin synthetase was present in common ancestor of Cordycipitaceae but selective gene loss has occurred in several species including C. militaris. Putative bassianolide biosynthetic gene cluster consisted of 16 genes including bassianolide synthetase, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, and putative Gal4-like transcriptional regulator genes. Our synteny analysis found that only B. bassiana possessed a bassianolide synthetase gene among the studied fungi. This result is consistent with the groupings in A-domain tree in which bassianolide synthetase gene found in B. bassiana was not grouped with NRPS genes predicted in other species. We hypothesized that bassianolide biosynthesizing cluster genes in B. bassiana are possibly acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from distantly related fungi. The present study showed that B. bassiana is the only species capable of producing both beauvericin and bassianolide. This property led to B. bassiana infect multiple hosts and to be a potential biological control agent against agricultural pests.

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유공 유리분말이 자기충전 콘크리트의 특성에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Hollow Glass Powder on the Self-Compacting Concrete)

  • 윤섭;한민철
    • 한국건축시공학회지
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    • 제18권2호
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    • pp.141-149
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구는 자기충전 콘크리트의 생산 및 시공 시 굳지 않은 상태의 안정성을 향상시킬 목적으로 유공 유리분말(GB)를 혼입한 자기충전 콘크리트에 대하여 충전성, 통과성, 재료분리 저항성 및 레올로지 특성을 평가하였다. 실험결과, GB 혼입량에 따른 충전성은 GB의 볼베어링 효과로 인해 GB $2.0kg/m^3$까지 $T_{50}$ 도달시간이 Plain에 비하여 단축되어 충전성이 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 단, GB $4.0kg/m^3$에서는 오히려 약간 증가되었다. 통과성의 경우에는 Plain 1등급, GB $0.5{\sim}2.0kg/m^3$ 0등급, GB $4.0kg/m^3$ 1등급으로 GB 혼입량 $2.0kg/m^3$까지 '보이는 차단 없음'으로 통과성이 개선되었다. J-ring에 의한 통과성 Block step($P_J$) 값도 GB $1.0kg/m^3$에서 가장 우수한 통과성을 나타내었다. GB 혼입에 따른 재료분리 저항성은 동적 재료분리 저항성은 Plain 보다 GB을 사용하게 되면 그 혼입량에 상관없이 동적 재료분리 저항성이 증가하였다. 정적 재료분리 저항성은 GB $1.0kg/m^3$에서 재료분리도 2.5%를 나타내어 Plain(12.5%) 대비 크게 개선되었다. GB 혼입에 따른 레올로지 특성은 GB 혼입량 증가에 따른 소성 점도는 큰 차이가 발생하지 않았으나 항복응력은 $1.0kg/m^3$까지 낮아졌다. 이상을 종합하면, GB를 $1.0kg/m^3$ 사용하게 되면 자기충전 콘크리트의 충전성, 통과성, 항복응력 개선에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 재료분리 저항성을 증가시켜 자기충전 콘크리트의 안정성에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

토양특성별 중금속 유효도와 토양오염 평가방법의 개선점 (Availability of Heavy Metals in Soils with Different Characteristics and Controversial Points for Analytical Methods of Soil Contamination in Korea)

  • 정구복;김원일;이종식;신중두;김진호;윤순강
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.106-116
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    • 2005
  • This experiment was conducted to investigate available extraction capacity and potential mobility of heavy metal according to the distribution property and contamination level of heavy metals in soils and to suggest a reform measure of soil environment assessment methodology applied with soil quality and the official soil heavy metal test methods in domestic and foreign countries. The soils were collected from the natural forest paddy with long-term application of same type fertilizer, and paddies near metal mine and industrial complex. The post-treatment methods of soil were partial extraction, acid digestion and sequential extraction methods. For the heavy metal contents with different soil properties, it was shown that their natural forest and paddy soil were slightly low and similar to the general paddy soil, while their paddies near metal mine and industrial complex were higher than the standard level of Soil Environment Protection Act. Heavy metal concentrations in the soils with different soil properties had difference between $HNO_3\;and\;HNO_3+HCl$ extractant by US-EPA 3051a method. There were highly significant positive relationships in both two methods. It was appeared that the higher extractable concentration ratio with 0.1N-HCl to total heavy metal content with $HNO_3+HCl$ extractant the greater total heavy metal content. There were highly significant positive correlationship between total heavy metal content and extractable content with 0.1N-HCl. For extractable capacity of soil extractable solution compared to the total heavy metal content it was appeared that it extractable method with 0.1N-HCl was higher than those with EDTA and DTPA. In extractable ratio with 0.1N-HCl in the contaminated paddy soils near mine and industrial complex, it was shown that the lower soil pH, the higher total heavy metal content. The order of a potential mobility coefficient by distribution of heavy metal content with ie different typies in the soil was Cd>Ni>Zn>Cu>Pb. It could be known that contamination characteristics of heavy metals with different types of soils were affected by different heavy metal components, contamination degree and soil chemical properties, and heavy metal concentration with different extractable methods had great variations with adjacent environment. To be compared with assessment methodology of soil environment impact at domestic and foreign countries with our results, it might be considered that there was necessary to make a single analysis method based on total heavy metal content with environmental overloading concept because of various analysis methods for total heavy metal content and present analysis method with great variation according to soil environment. In spite of showing higher concentration of heavy metal with acidic digestion than the extractable method, it might be considered that there is need to be adjusted the national standard of soil heavy metal contamination.

연속식 중공사막 반응기를 이용한 각시가자미피 젤라틴의 가수분해 (Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Yellowfin Sole Skin Gelatin in a Continuous Hollow Fiber Membrane Reactor)

  • 김세권;변희국;강태중;송대진
    • 한국수산과학회지
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    • 제26권2호
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    • pp.120-132
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    • 1993
  • 어류 가공시 부산물로 얻어지는 어피를 효율적으로 이용하고자 알칼리 전처리법으로 각시가자미 피(皮)로부터 제조된 젤라틴을 시료로 하여 연속식 중공사막 반응기를 이용한 젤라틴의 가수분해 최적조건과 중공사막 반응기 장치에서의 효소활성 및 안정성에 미치는 인자에 대하여 검토하였다. 연속식 중공사막 반응기에서 가수분해조건을 보면 효소농도는 0.1mg/ml 이상에서는 가수분해율이 거의 $72\%$ 이상이었다. 기질농도 $1\%$ 이하에서는 $70\%$ 이상의 가수분해율을 나타내었으며, 기질농도가 증가함에 따라 가수분해율이 약간 감소하는 경향이였다. S/E=100(w/w) 이하에서는 거의 $72\%$이상의 가수분해율을 나타내었다. 유출속도가 7.79ml/min일 때 잔류시간은 77분이였으며, 이때의 가수분해율은 $79\%$였다. 중공사막 반응기 장치의 최적조건은 $1\%$ 기질에 대해 효소농도 0.1mg/ml, 유출속도 7.79ml/min, 잔류시간 77분, 반응온도 $55^{\circ}C$에서 기질의 가수분해율은 반응시간 1시간 부근에서 최대값을 나타내었다. 효소활성은 온도 $55^{\circ}C$에서 $50\%$, $25^{\circ}C$에서 $20\%$가 감소되었으며, 막에 의한 효소활성은 3시간 후에 $34\%$ 감소하였다. 막을 통한 효소의 누출은 작동시간 20분에서 최대였으며 작동시간 5시간 이후에는 거의 효소가 누출되지 않았으며, 전체 효소량 중 효소누출량은 $12.95\%$이였다. 막의 fouling 성질은 $10\%$(w/v)기질용액에서 순수에 대한 상대적인 유출속도 감소율(RFR)은 $91\%$였으며 유출속도 재생율은 $92\%$였다. 높은 기질농도 $10\%$에서는 가수분해도가 $89\%$였으며, 그 이상의 기질농도에서는 $75\%$였다. 젤라틴에 대한 trypsin의 반응속도 상수인 $K_m$$V_{max}$는 회분식에서 각각 0.668mgN/ml, 1.468mgN/ml/min였으나, 연속식에서는 이들의 값이 각각 1.618mgN/ml, 0.347mgN/ml/min였다. 연속식에서 $K_m$값은 1.618mgN/ml으로 회분식의 0.668mgN/ml에 비해 2.4배 정도 큰 반면 $V_{max},\;K_2$는 매우 작았다. 회분식과 연속식에서 최적조건하에서 젤라틴을 가수분해하였을 때 효소 mg당 생산하는 가수분해물은 각각 87.58mg및 378.85mg으로 회분식에 비해 생산량이 4배 이상이었다.

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넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus)스테이크제품의 제조 및 품질특성 (Processing and Property of Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus Steak)

  • 윤문주;권순재;이재동;박시영;공청식;주종찬;김정균
    • 수산해양교육연구
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.98-107
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    • 2015
  • 넙치 육에 혼합야채류(양파, 샐러리, 당근, 마늘)를 넣고 잘 혼합한 후, 혼합부재료(빵가루, 계란, 타임분, 블랑소스, 생크림, 소금, 후추)를 첨가하여 잘 버무린 반죽을 성형하는 등의 공정을 거친 후 넙치 steak 제품을 제조하였다. 최종 제품 Steak-1(성형된 육을 올리브유를 두른 프라이팬에서 2분간 구운 후 폴리에틸렌 필름에 넣어 진공포장하여 7일간 동결 저장한 것을 전자레인지로 해동 및 데우는 공정을 거친 제품)과 Steak-2(성형된 육을 폴리에틸렌 필름에 넣어 진공포장하여 7일간 동결 저장한 것을 해동 후 올리브유를 두른 프라이팬에서 2분간 구운 제품)에 대하여 각각 이화학적 성질과 관능적 평가를 살펴보았다. Steak-1 및 Steak-2 두 제품 모두에서 생균수가 검출되지 않았으며, 일반성분의 경우 수분(69.0% 및 69.2%), 조단백질(21.9% 및 21.4%) 및 조회분(1.9% 및 1.8%)은 함량 차이가 거의 없었으나, 조지방(5.3% 및 7.8%)은 Steak-2 제품의 값이 높았다. TBA 값의 경우는 Steak-1(0.110)에 비해 Steak-2(0.069)의 값이 낮았으며, 아미노질소 함량은 Steak-1이 0.20 mg/100 g, Steak-2가 0.25 mg/100 g 으로 차이가 거의 없었다. Steak-1 및 Steak-2 두 제품의 색차의 경우 명도(L값)는 각각 45.55 및 46.11, 적색도(a값)는 각각 1.20 및 1.78, 황색도(b값)는 각각 8.52 및 9.59 그리고 색차(${\Delta}E$값)는 51.35 및 52.09로 차이는 거의 없었다. 조직감의 경우 Steak-1 보다 Steak-2의 조직감이 더 단단하였다. Steak-1 및 Steak-2의 유리아미노산은 arginine 함량이 가장 많았고, 다음이 glutamic acid, alanine 및 lysine 순이었다. 총유리아미노산 함량은 Steak-1이 346.4 mg/100 g, Steak-2가 240.5 mg/100 g이었다. 관능검사 결과 Steak-2가 Steak-1 보다 관능평가 점수가 높게 나왔으나 큰 기호도의 차이는 없었다는 것이 관능검사요원들의 지배적 의견이었다. 따라서 넙치 steak를 제조하여 판매할 경우 굽기공정 까지 완료하여 단가가 높은 제품을 구입할 것인지 단가는 낮지만 최종공정인 굽기공정을 가정에서 수행해야 하는 제품의 선택은 소비자의 판단에 맡기는 것이 바람직하다고 판단되었다.

입자충전형 이중벽 온실에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Double-Wall Greenhouse Filled with Styrene Pellets)

  • 이석건;이종원;이현우
    • 생물환경조절학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.59-67
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    • 1995
  • 자동단열온실시스템을 개발할 목적으로 실험용 온실의 천정과 벽체를 이중벽으로 제작하여 이중벽 내부에 단열입자를 자동으로 충전 회수할 수 있도록 시스템을 구성하여, 입자의 송풍성능, 투광성, 입자의 마모실험, 온실의 단열성능 및 차광효과를 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 약 2㎥의 입자를 충전 회수하는데 약 1시간 15분이 소요되었으나, 온실의 규모에 적합한 송풍기의 용량, 배기구의 면적, 충전관 및 회수관의 조절로 소요시간을 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 2. 단열입자의 회수 직후에 이중벽온실의 투광성을 객관성 있게 평가할 수 있는 10시에서 15시까지의 평균 투광율은 67%로 나타났다. 3. 입자의 충전 및 회수를 직송방식으로 하였을 때, 입자마모율이 연속 5개월 사용시 20%로 나타나, 입자의 충전 및 회수를 간접방식으로 수행하는 것이 타당한 것으로 분석되었다. 4. 겨울철 야간에 단열입자를 회수한 이중벽 온실의 내부온도는 외기온보다 평균 3.4$^{\circ}C$ 높았으나, 입자를 충전한 단열온실의 내부온도는 단열면적비가 73%일때 외기온보다 평균 6.6$^{\circ}C$ 높았고, 단열면적비가 100%일때 외기온보다 평균 13.5$^{\circ}C$ 높게 나타나 단열온실의 야간단열성능이 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 5. 일사가 양호하고 외기온이 높은 주간에 입자를 충전한 단열온실(단열면적비 100%)의 차광성능을 분석한 결과, 외기온의 평균이 36.9$^{\circ}C$일 때 온실내부온도의 평균은 3$0^{\circ}C$로 외기온보다 평균 7$^{\circ}C$ 낮게 나타나 차광효과가 크다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.

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Fate of Heavy Metals in Activated Sludge: Sorption of Heavy Metal ions by Nocardia amarae

  • Kim, Dong-wook
    • 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국환경과학회 1998년도 가을 학술발표회 프로그램
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    • pp.2-4
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    • 1998
  • Proliferation of Nocardia amarae cells in activated sludge has often been associated with the generation of nuisance foams. Despite intense research activities in recent years to examine the causes and control of Nocardia foaming in activated sludge, the foaming continued to persist throughout the activated sludge treatment plants in United States. In addition to causing various operational problems to treatment processes, the presence of Nocardia may have secondary effects on the fate of heavy metals that are not well known. For example, for treatment plants facing more stringent metal removal requirements, potential metal removal by Nocardia cells in foaming activated sludge would be a welcome secondary effect. In contrast, with new viosolid disposal regulations in place (Code o( Federal Regulation No. 503), higher concentration of metals in biosolids from foaming activated sludge could create management problems. The goal of this research was to investigate the metal sorption property of Nocardia amarae cells grown in batch reactors and in chemostat reactors. Specific surface area and metal sorption characteristics of N. amarae cells harvested at various growth stages were compared. Three metals examined in this study were copper, cadmium and nickel. Nocardia amarae strain (SRWTP isolate) used in this study was obtained from the University of California at Berkeley. The pure culture was grown in 4L batch reactor containing mineral salt medium with sodium acetate as the sole carbon source. In order to quantify the sorption of heavy metal ions to N amarae cell surfaces, cells from the batch reactor were harvested, washed, and suspended in 30mL centrifuge tubes. Metal sorption studies were conducted at pH 7.0 and ionlc strength of 10-2M. The sorption Isotherm showed that the cells harvested from the stationary and endogenous growth phase exhibited significantly higher metal sorption capacity than the cells from the exponential phase. The sequence of preferential uptake of metals by N. amarae cells was Cu>Cd>Ni. The specific surFace area of Nocardia cells was determined by a dye adsorption method. N.amarae cells growing at ewponential phase had significantly less specific surface area than that of stationary phase, indicating that the lower metal sorption capacity of Nocardia cells growing at exponential phase may be due to the lower specific surface area. The growth conditions of Nocardia cells in continuous culture affect their cell surface properties, thereby governing the adsorption capacity of heavy metal. The comparison of dye sorption isotherms for Nocardia cells growing at various growth rates revealed that the cell surface area increased with increasing sludge age, indicating that the cell surface area is highly dependent on the steady-state growth rate. The highest specific surface area of 199m21g was obtained from N.amarae cell harvested at 0.33 day-1 of growth rate. This result suggests that growth condition not only alters the structure of Nocardia cell wall but also affects the surface area, thus yielding more binding sites of metal removal. After reaching the steady-state condition at dilution rate, metal adsorption isotherms were used to determine the equilibrium distributions of metals between aqueous and Nocardia cell surfaces. The metal sorption capacity of Nocardia biomass harvested from 0.33 day-1 of growth rate was significantly higher than that of cells harvested from 0.5- and 1-day-1 operation, indicatng that N.amarae cells with a lower growth rate have higher sorpion capacity. This result was in close agreement with the trend observed from the batch study. To evaluate the effect of Nocardia cells on the metal binding capacity of activated sludge, specific surface area and metal sorption capacity of the mixture of Nocardia pure cultures and activated sludge biomass were determined by a series of batch experiments. The higher levels of Nocardia cells in the Nocardia-activated sludge samples resulted in the higher specific surface area, explaining the higher metal sorption sites by the mixed luquor samples containing greater amounts on Nocardia cells. The effect of Nocardia cells on the metal sorption capacity of activated sludge was evaluated by spiking an activated sludge sample with various amounts of pre culture Nocardia cells. The results of the Langmuir isotherm model fitted to the metal sorption by various mixtures of Nocardia and activated sludge indicated that the mixture containing higher Nocardia levels had higher metal adsorption capacity than the mixture containing lower Nocardia levels. At Nocardia levels above 100mg/g VSS, the metal sorption capacity of activate sludge increased proportionally with the amount of Noeardia cells present in the mixed liquor, indicating that the presence of Nocardia may increase the viosorption capacity of activated sludge.

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토양 개량제 처리가 밤나무 재배지의 토양 특성 및 잎 형질에 미치는 단기적 영향 (Short-term Effects on Soil Property and Leaf Characteristics after Soil Amendment Treatments in Chestnut (Castanea crenata S. et Z.) Orchards)

  • 김춘식;김원석;안현철;조현서;추갑철;임종택
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제101권3호
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    • pp.405-411
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    • 2012
  • 경상남도 진주시와 산청군에 위치한 성숙한 밤나무 재배지를 대상으로 여러 가지 토양 개량제 처리[(유기질비료 처리구: 20 kg/본; 복합비료 및 목탄 처리구: 복합비료 4 kg/본+목탄 2 kg/본; 석회비료 처리구: 3 kg/본; 혼합비료 처리구: 복합비료 1 kg/본+유기질비료 10 kg/본+목탄 1 kg/본; 대조구(무시비구)]가 토양 특성 및 잎 형질에 미치는 단기적 영향을 조사하였다. 밤나무 재배지에 토양용적밀도, 토양 유기탄소, 전 질소, 칼슘 및 마그네슘 함량은 양 개량제 처리에 따른 유의적인 변화가 없었다. 그러나 잎 건중량은 진주지역 석회비료 처리구($0.65\;g\;leaf^{-1}$), 산청지역 유기질비료 처리구($0.68\;g\;leaf^{-1}$)로 대조구(진주: $0.46\;g\;leaf^{-1}$; 산청: $0.53\;g\;leaf^{-1}$)에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 잎면적의 경우 진주지역 석회비료 처리구가($79.1\;cm^2\;leaf^{-1}$)로 가장 크게 나타났으며, 산청지역 토양 개량제 처리구는 ($70.4\;cm^2\;leaf^{-1}{\sim}78.2\;cm^2\;leaf^{-1}$)로 대조구(진주: $56.2\;cm^2\;leaf^{-1}$; 산청: $60.5\;cm^2\;leaf^{-1}$)에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다. 토양 개량제 처리에 따른 잎 내 질소 함량은 혼합비료 처리구가 2.51%, 복합비료+목탄 처리구가 2.50%로 대조구 .98%에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 토양 개량제 처리는 밤나무 재배지의 단기적인 토양 특성개선에는 효과가 크지 않았으나 잎 형질 개선에 효과가 있었으며, 잎 내 질소 분석은 밤나무 재배지의 토양 개량 효과를 판정할 수 있는 지표로 나타났다.

가압증숙공정에 의한 산수유의 이화학적 특성 및 과산화수소에 의해 유도된 산화적 L132 세포 사멸에 대한 보호 효과 (Physicochemical Properties and Protective Effects of Corni fructus Treated with Pressurized-Steam against H2O2-Induced Cytotoxicity on L132 Cells)

  • 박혜미;홍주헌
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제46권9호
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    • pp.1061-1070
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    • 2017
  • 본 연구에서는 가압증숙 산수유의 이화학적 품질특성 변화를 모니터링 하였고, 폐 표피세포 보호 효과에 대해 알아보기 위하여 인간유래 L132 세포주를 이용하여 과산화수소로 유도된 산화 스트레스 모델에서 가압증숙 산수유 추출물의 세포 사멸 억제 효과를 확인하였다. 색도에서 명도를 나타내는 L값은 무처리 산수유 분말에서 42.75로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 대조군에 비해 가압증숙 시간이 증가할수록 L값은 유의적으로 감소하였다. 적색도(a값) 및 황색도(b값) 역시 이와 유사한 경향을 나타내었는데, 외형을 살펴보면 2시간 이상 가압증숙 시 색이 검게 변하고 광택이 없어지는 경향을 나타내었다. 2시간 동안 가압증숙 시 총 당, 환원당 및 총 페놀 함량변화를 측정한 결과, 각각 468.53 mg/g, 385.55 mg/g 및 37.32 mg/g으로 나타났다. 유리당 조성은 fructose, glucose 및 sucrose 순이었으며, 2시간 동안 가압증숙 시 각각 207.72 mg/g, 219.40 mg/g 및 4.31 mg/g으로 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 페놀화합물인 gallic acid 및 furan 화합물인 5-HMF는 대조군에 비해 가압증숙 시간이 증가할수록 함량이 유의적으로 높아짐을 확인하였으며(P<0.05), iridoid 배당체 조성은 morroniside, loganin 및 loganic acid 순으로 함유하고 있었고 2시간 동안 가압증숙 시 다소 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 과산화수소에 의해 유도된 산화적 세포 사멸에 대한 추출물의 보호 효과를 확인하기 위해 가압증숙 산수유 추출물의 L132 세포 독성을 확인한 결과 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ 농도까지 유의적으로 세포 사멸이 나타나지 않아 세포독성이 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. L132 세포 사멸에 대한 보호 효과는 모든 시료에서 1 mM $H_2O_2$를 첨가한 군과 비교하여 활성이 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 특히 2시간 동안 가압증숙한 산수유 추출물을 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ 농도로 첨가하였을 때 102.82%로 활성이 가장 크게 증가하여 과산화수소에 의해 유도된 산화적 세포 사멸에 대한 높은 세포 보호 효과를 나타냄을 확인하였다.