• Title/Summary/Keyword: prolactin

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The Role of Protein Kinase C for Prolactin Secretion in Chicken Primary Pituitary Cell Culture (산란계의 뇌하수체 세포배양에서 Prolactin의 생성에 관계하는 Protein Kinase C의 역할)

  • 선상수
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.113-119
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    • 1996
  • A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) as a second messenger in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) mediated prolactin secretion. Primary pituitary cells (106 cells/treatment) were separated from laying hens and incubated in M-199 with 5% chicken serum and 5% fetal calf serum. The VIP(0.1 $\pi$M) treatment enhanced prolactin Secretion into media upto 9-fold during 48-h incubation. The phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKG agonist, increased prolactin secretion upto 2-fold at 0.1 nM PMA (P<0.01), and the prolactin secretion was not significantly higher than this concentration. Staurosporine (ST; 1.0$\pi$M) a PKC antagonist, decreased by 70% of 0.1 $\pi$M VIP-stimulated prolactin secretion and by 48% of 10 ${\mu}$M PMA-stimulated prolactin secretion (P<0.01). However, pituitary cell prolactin content did not differ in any treatment (P>0.05). In conclusion, these results indicate that the PKC second messenger system is involved in VIP-stimulated prolactin release in chicken primary pituitary cell culture.

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The Effects of Ginseng Saponin on Prolactin Secretion in Rats (인삼(人蔘) Saponin이 Prolactin 분비(分泌)에 미치는 효과(效果))

  • Baik, Duck-Woo;Lee, Soe-Yun;Chi, Hyung-Joon
    • Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.33-39
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    • 1978
  • The present study is involved with the prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary gland by ginseng saponin since it was handled down by tradition that ginseng might influence the milk secretion when it was given to nursing mother. To investigate the effect of saponin on the prolactin production or release from the anterior pituitary gland, cell culture study and whole animal studies were carried out. For the cell culture study, enzymatically dispersed anterior pituitary cells of rat anterior pituitary gland in HEPES buffers containing trypsin were used. Ginseng saponin was added to the culture media and the amount of prolactin produced in the cell culture media was determined by radloimmunoassay(RIA) technique. Dose-dependent increases of prolactin with ginseng saponin were observed, whereas, no change was observed without ginseng treatment. For the whole animal study, normal and castrated rats which previously cannulated into the heart via the right juglar vein were used. The prolactin concentration in plasma were determined by using the technique of RIA. In normal rats, prolactin concentration in plasma were elevated dramatically after 1 hour of ginseng saponin administration, whereas, instantaneous increases were observed in castrated rats. For prolactin assay by RIA, NIAMDD Rat Prolactin Kit and NIAMDD Rat Prolactin RP-1 were used as standard. The results indicate that ginseng saponins increase the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland and production of prolactin from the cell in rats.

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Immunoelectron Microscopic Localization of Prolactin in Rat Exolacrimal gland (흰쥐 눈물샘의 Prolactin 존재에 관한 면역전자현미경적 연구)

  • Park, Kyung-Ho;Wood, Richard L.
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.25-34
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    • 1993
  • Prolactin has been reported to be present in the tear film of humans and prolactin-like immunoreactivity has been detected by immunofluorescence in acinar cells of the lacrimal glands of humans and rats. The present study was aimed at clarifying the intracellular distribution of the prolactin-like immunoreactivity, using the electron microscope immunogold technique. The lacrimal gland acinar cells have two types of secretory granules: 1) Secretory granules containing flocculent materials irregularly shaped and are often coalesced. 2) Secretory granules are fairly round and contain homogenous materials of a moderate electron density. The density of the granular content varies even within a single cell. We found prolactin-like reactivity in secretory granules, some smaller cytosolic vesicles, Golgi cisternae and nuclei in acinar cells from intact glands of rat. Our present results are consistent with the conclusion that prolactin is present in lacrimal cells. The presence of prolactin reactivity in the nucleus suggests that prolactin may be a regulatory factor modulating gene expression.

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Prolactin Monomeric Polyethylene Glycol Measurement Method and Study of Reference Value Verification

  • Dong Hyuk Ha;Hwa-Jin Ryu;Hyun-Su Cho;Sun-Young Shin
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.133-136
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    • 2023
  • Purpose: Prolactin in the blood is separated into three types, and over 90% of prolactin presents as a double monomer (23 KDa). Rarely, it can exist in the size of big prolactin (150 KDa), which is called macroprolactin and is known as an autoantibody complex. When macroprolactin accounts for more than 60% of prolactin in the blood, it is called macroprolactinemia. The presence of such macroprolactin was first reported in a patient with hyperprolactinemia but without typical symptoms. Macroprolactinemia is emerging as an important cause of idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method using the property of precipitating large-molecular-weight proteins is simple and recently has been widely used as a screening test. The results are in good agreement with the results of gel chromatography. The purpose of this study was to confirm the measurement method and reference value verification of monomeric prolactin in blood prolactin using the PEG precipitation method. Materials and Methods: For 40 examinees who visited the Gangnam Center of Seoul National University Hospital in 2021, the prolactin level was verified using radioimmunoassay (RIA). For macroprolactinemia PEG precipitation method, 25% PEG (molecular weight 6000kDa) solution and serum were mixed in equal amounts in a test tube, then left at room temperature for 20 minutes and centrifuged at 4℃ for 30 minutes (1500g). The prolactin level was measured in the supernatant. Results : After confirming that more than 90% of the 40 tested samples within the reference range <25 ng/mL, the same value as the reference value for prolactin was applied. Since the concentration of monomeric prolactin in serum from which macroprolactin has been removed from blood is diluted 1:1 with PEG, our laboratory is currently reporting the result by multiplying the result by a dilution factor of 2. Conclusion: Radioimmunoassay using PEG precipitation method using the property of precipitating large molecular weight proteins is simple and effective for quantitative measurement of monomeric prolactin in blood prolactin.

Regulation of Prolactin Secretion: Dopamine is the Prolactin-release Inhibiting Factor (PIF), but also Plays a Role as a Releasing Factor (PRF)

  • Shin, Seon H.;Song, Jin-Hyang;Ross, Gregory M.
    • Animal cells and systems
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.103-113
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    • 1999
  • Many in-depth reviews related to regulations of prolactin secretion are available. We will, therefore, focus on controversial aspects using personal opinion in this review. The neuroendocrine control of prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary gland involves multiple factors including prolactin-release inhibiting factor (PIF) and prolactin releasing factor (PRF). The PIF exerts a tonic inhibitory control in the physiological conditions. The PIF should be able to effectively inhibit prolactin release or a lifetime, but the inhibitory action of dopamine cannot be sustained for a long period of time. Perifusion of a high concentration of dopamine (l ,000 nM) could not sustain inhibitory action on prolactin release but when a small amount of ascorbic acid (0.1 mM) is added in a low concentration of dopamine (3 nM) solution, prolactin release was inhibited for a long period. Ascorbate is essential for dopamine action to inhibit prolactin release. We have, therefore, concluded that the PIF is dopamine plus ascorbate. The major transduction system for dopamine to inhibit prolactin release is the adenylyl cyclase system. Dopamine decreases cyclic AMP concentration by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, and cyclic AMP stimulates prolactin release. However, the inhibitory mechanism of dopamine on prolactin release is much more complex than simple inhibition of CAMP production. The dopamine not only inhibits cyclic AMP synthesis but also inhibits prolactin release by acting on a link(s) after the CAMP event in a chain reaction for inhibiting prolactin release. Low concentrations of dopamine stimulate prolactin release. Lactotropes are made of several different subtypes of cells and several different dopamine receptors are found in pituitary. The inhibitory and stimulatory actions induced by dopamine can be generated by different subtype of receptors. The GH$_4$ZR$_7$ cells express only the short isoform (D$_{2s}$) of the dopamine receptor, as a result of transfecting the D$_{2s}$ receptors into GH$_4$C$_1$ cells which do not express any dopamine receptors. When dopamine stimulates or inhibits prolactin release in GH$_4$ZR$_7$ cells, it is clear that the dopamine should act on dopamine D$_{2s}$ receptors since there is no other dopamine receptor in the GH$_4$ZR$_7$. Dopamine is able to stimulate prolactin release in a relatively low concentration while it inhibits in a high concentration in GH$_4$ZR$_7$. These observations indicate that the dopamine D$_2$ receptor can activate stimulatory and/or inhibitory transduction system depending upon dopamine concentrations.

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Dopaminergic influences on prolactin synthesis and release from rat anterior pituitary cultures

  • Kim, Kwang-Chul;Burkman, Allan
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.85-86
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    • 1980
  • Dopaminergic influences on prolactin release from lactotrophs have been studied using the rat anterior pituitary cell culture. The prolactin inhibiting activity of hypothalamic extracts was examined in relation to dopamine. Dopamine inhibited prolactin secretion from the rat anterior pituitary cell culture in a dose dependent fashion. The median effective dose was $2{\times}10^{-7}$ / M and the maximal inhibition (70-90 % of the control value) was shown by 10$^{-5}$ / M dopamine. Further increase in dopamine concentration did not result in any further inhibition of prolactin secretion.nhibition of prolactin secretion.

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The Effect of Exam Stress and Vitamin B Complex on Plasma ACTH, Cortisol and Prolactin Level (시험 스트레스와 Vitamin B 복합제가 혈장 ACTH, Cortisol 및 Prolactin치에 미치는 영향)

  • Koh, Kyung-Bong
    • Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.207-214
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    • 1996
  • The study was designed to find out the effect of exam stress and vitamin B complex on hormones such as plasma ACTH, cortisol and prolactin. 21 medical students completed the whole period of the study. Global assessment of recent stress(GARS) scale and SCL-90-R were used to measure stress perception and psychopathology. Radioimmunoassay was used to assess plasma ACTH, cortisol and prolactin. Plasma ACTH level was significantly higher 2 weeks prior to examination and exam period, respectively, than 4 weeks prior to the exam. However, there were no significant differences in plasma cortisol and prolactin level among the three periods. No significant differences were also found in plasma ACTH, cortisol and prolactin level between vitamin and non-vitamin groups during each period. Scores of stress perception in economic area significantly had a positive correlation with plasma ACTH and prolactin level, respectively, 2 weeks prior to the exam. In psychopathology, scores of hostility subscale significantly had a Positive correlation with plasma ACTH level. There were no significant differences in change of each of the hormones over time as well as between vitamin and non-vitamin groups. In conclusion, it was found that ACTH was more sensitive to exam stress than cortisol or prolactin, and that vitamin B complex had no significant influence on ACTH, cortisol and prolactin level.

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Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics on Serum Prolactin and Testosterone Levels in Schizophrenic Patients (정신분열병 환자에서 비정형 항정신병 약물이 프로락틴과 테스토스테론 농도에 미치는 영향)

  • Han, Duck-Hyun;Park, Doo-Byung;Kim, Young-Don;Min, Kyung-Joon;Lee, Kil-Hong
    • Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.74-79
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    • 2000
  • Objectives : The dopamine-blocking effects and the associated side effects(amenorrhea, lactation, sexual dysfunction) of classical antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients have been studied for a long time. The purpose of this study was to find out these effects of new antipsychotics(risperidone, olanzapine) in schizophrenic patients treated with clinically relevant doses. Method : Plasma levels of both prolactin and testosterone were measured in 91 schizophrenic patients(28 taking haloperidol, 4-20mg/day ; 31 taking risperidone, 2-6mg/day ; 32 taking olanzapine, 5-20mg/day). Results : In male schizophrenic patients, the prolactin levels of risperidone group($76.44{\pm}38.85ng/ml$) and haloperidol group($60.26{\pm}20.74ng/ml$) had no significant difference, but were significantly higher than that of olanzapine($26.90{\pm}5.36ng/ml$). In female, the prolactin level of olanzapine group($36.66{\pm}17.55$) was significantly lower than those of risperidone($121.7{\pm}48.33$) and haloperidol group($161.66{\pm}37.53$). And prolactin level of risperidone group was lower than that of haloperidol group. While the testosterone plasma level of risperidone, haloperidol and olanzapine in both male and female schizophrenic patients had no significant difference. Conclusions : At doses known to be effective in popular clinical setting, prolactin level in patients taking risperidone was higher than that of haloperidol, while olanzapine showed no significant difference in terms of prolactin plasma level from haloperidol. New antipsychotics may not influence the testosterone plasma level.

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Prolactin Response to Antipsychotic Drug and Dopamine Transporter Gene Polymorphisms (항정신병 약물에 의한 혈중 프로락틴 변화와 도파민 전달체 유전자 다형성)

  • Lee, Bun-Hee;Kim, Yong-Ku;Suh, Kwang-Yoon
    • Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.177-185
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    • 2003
  • Object:We investigated the relationship between prolactin response to antipsychotics and clinical courses of psychotic symptoms and DAT gene polymorphisms. Method:Twenty-four acute psychotic inpatients completed the 12-week trial of risperidone. Serum prolactin, BPRS, ESRS and hyperprolactinemia-related symptoms were measured at baseline, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after medication. The DAT gene polymorphisms were analyzed. Results:The serum prolactin was significantly increased over time. According to the prolactin level at 2-week, the subjects were divided into the severe group(serum prolactin>60ng/mL, N=15) and the mild group (serum prolactin<60ng/mL, N=9). The prolactin levels of the mild group didn't increase beyond 60ng/mL throughout 12 weeks. Severe group had slower decrement of BPRS scores than those of mild group. Six females in severe group complained of irregular menstruations, but no female in mild group. Most patients had 10 allele of DAT gene. Conclusion:This study suggests that the magnitude of prolactin elevation at the 2-week of risperidone medication is correlated with severity of hyperprolactinemia throughout treatments. Our results did not show the relationship between prolactin responses and DAT gene polymorphisms.

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Buspirone-induced Prolactin Secretion in Man is Not $5-HT_{1A}$ Receptor Mediated: Effect of Pindolol Pretreatment (Buspirone-induced Prolaction 분비와 $5-HT_{1A}$ 수용체: Pindolol 전처치 효과)

  • Lee, Hong-Shick;Nash, J. Frank;Meltzer, Herbert Y.
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.19-25
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    • 1992
  • The effect of the nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic, buspirone $(Buspar^R)$, a serotonin $(5-HT)_{1A}$ partial agonist, which also has dopamine $(DA)_2$ receptor antagonist properties, on prolactin and cortisol secretion was examined in eight normal male volunteers. The oral administration of buspirone (30 mg) significantly increased plasma prolactin concentrations but did not significantly increase plasma cortisol concentrations in this study. The oral administration of pindolol (30 mg), a beta adrenoceptor antagonist which is also a $5-HT_{1A}$ receptor antagonist, had no significant effect on basal prolactin or cortisol levels. Moreover, pretreatment with pindolol did not significantly inhibit the buspirone-induced increase in prolactin secretion. These preliminary data are suggestive that buspirone-induced prolactin secretion is not mediated via $5-HT_{1A}$ receptor activation.

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