• Title/Summary/Keyword: productivity changes

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The Effects of e-Business on Business Performance - In the home-shopping industry - (e-비즈니스가 경영성과에 미치는 영향 -홈쇼핑을 중심으로-)

  • Kim, Sae-Jung;Ahn, Seon-Sook
    • Management & Information Systems Review
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    • v.22
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    • pp.137-165
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    • 2007
  • It seems high time to increase productivity by adopting e-business to overcome challenges posed by both external factors including the appreciation of Korean won, oil hikes and fierce global competition and domestic issues represented by disparities between large corporations and small and medium enterprises (SMEs), Seoul metropolitan and local cities, and export and domestic demand all of which weaken future growth engines in the Korean economy. The demands of the globalization era are for innovative changes in businessprocess and industrial structure aiming for creating new values. To this end, e-business is expected to play a core role in the sophistication of the Korean economy through new values and innovation. In order to examine business performance in e-business-adopting industries, this study analyzed the home shopping industry by closely looking into the financial ratios including the ratio of net profit to sales, the ratio of operation income to sales, the ratio of gross cost to sales cost, the ratio of gross cost to selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense, and return of investment (ROI). This study, for best outcome, referred to corporate financial statements as a main resource to calculate financial ratios by utilizing Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System (DART) of the Financial Supervisory Service, one of the Korea's financial supervisory authorities. First of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of net profit to sales is as following. CJ Home Shopping has registered a remarkable increase in its ratio of net profit rate to sales since 2002 while its competitors find it hard to catch up with CJ's stunning performances. This is partly due to the efficient management compared to CJ's value of capital. Such significance, if the current trend continues, will make the front-runner assume the largest market share. On the other hand, GS Home Shopping, despite its best organized system and largest value of capital among others, lacks efficiency in management. Second of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of operation income to sales is as following. Both CJ Home Shopping and GS Home Shopping have, until 2004, recorded similar growth trend. However, while CJ Home Shopping's operating income continued to increase in 2005, GS Home Shopping observed its operating income declining which resulted in the increasing income gap with CJ Home Shopping. While CJ Home Shopping with the largest market share in home shopping industryis engaged in aggressive marketing, GS Home Shopping due to its stability-driven management strategies falls behind CJ again in the ratio of operation income to sales in spite of its favorable management environment including its large capital. Companies in the Group B were established in the same year of 2001. NS Home Shopping was the first in the Group B to shift its loss to profit. Woori Home Shopping has continued to post operating loss for three consecutive years and finally was sold to Lotte Group in 2007, but since then, has registered a continuing increase in net income on sales. Third of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of gross cost to sales cost is as following. Since home shopping falls into sales business, its cost of sales is much lower than that of other types of business such as manufacturing industry. Since 2002 in gross costs including cost of sales, SG&A expense, and non-operating expense, cost of sales turned out to have remarkably decreased. Group B has also posted a notable decline in the same sector since 2002. Fourth of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of gross cost to SG&A expense is as following. Due to its unique characteristics, the home shopping industry usually posts ahigh ratio of SG&A expense. However, more than 80% of SG&A expense means the result of lax management and at the same time, a sharp lower net income on sales than other industries. Last but not least, the result of the trend analysis on ROI is as following. As for CJ Home Shopping, the curve of ROI looks similar to that of its investment on fixed assets. As it turned out, the company's ratio of fixed assets to operating income skyrocketed in 2004 and 2005. As far as GS Home Shopping is concerned, its fixed assets are not as much as that of CJ Home Shopping. Consequently, competition in the home shopping industry, at the moment, is among CJ, GS, Hyundai, NS and Woori Home Shoppings, and all of them need to more thoroughly manage their costs. In order for the late-comers of Group B and other home shopping companies to advance further, the current lax management should be reformed particularly on their SG&A expense sector. Provided that the total sales volume in the Internet shopping sector is projected to grow over 20 trillion won by the year 2010, it is concluded that all the participants in the home shopping industry should put strategies on efficient management on costs and expenses as their top priority rather than increase revenues, if they hope to grow even further after 2007.

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Study on the Dry Matter Yield and Chemical Composition of Wildflower Pasture (야생화 도입 초지의 건물수량 및 품질에 관한 연구)

  • 김득수;이인덕;이형석
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.115-122
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    • 2001
  • The purpose of this study was to suggest the possibility of utilizing the wildflower pasture as the livestock herbage sources as well as promoting the public interests. Not only dry matter (DM) yield and soil properties of pastures were observed, but also chemical composition of herbages was analyzed. The experimental design includes four treatments: Conventional pasture(COP, forage 6 species), Bottomgrass pasture(BOP, turf grass 6 species), Native wildflower pasture(NWP, turf grass 6 species + native wildflower 11 species) and Introduced wildflower pasture(IWP, turf grass 6 species + introduced wildflower 9 species). The field trials were carried out on the experimental pasture plots at Chungnam National University throughout from 1997 to 2000. The results obtained are as follows : 1. As wildflower pasture was composed of turf grasses and wildflowers, the yearly mean of DM yield in the wildflower pastures (NWP 6,688kg/ha and IWP 7,240kg/ha) was lower than that of COP(8,592kg/ha) or BOP(7,264kg/ha)(p<0.05). This result indicated that the forage productivity of wildflower pasture for livestock is low. 2. The nutritive quality of herbages from wildflower pasture tended to be slightly low compared to that of COP and BOP. On the other hand, compared with IWP, the content of CP, NDF and lignin of herbages from NWP were lower than those from IWP, while IVDMD was higher(p<0.05). 3. The pH and the content of exchangeable Ca in NWP and IWP soils were tended to be low compared to those of COP in changes of soil properties after 3-years experimental trials, while the contents of organic matter, nitrogen, available phosphate, Mg and K were slightly improved. In conclusion, even though DM yield seem to be lower in wildflower pasture than those of COP, and the nutritive quality of herbages from wildflower pasture tended to be slightly low compared to that of COP and BOP. but, possibility of utilizing herbages from wildflower pasture for livestock was to some extent expected. In addition. compared to COP, wildflower pastures improved the property of soil. Thus, although wildflower pasture was not enough for livestock as a herbage, wildflower pasture has enough possibility for promoting the public interest.

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Changes of Growth and Forage Yield at Different Cutting Dates among Five Winter Cereals for Whole Crop Silage in Middle Region (중부지역에서 총체맥류의 예취시기별 생육 및 조사료 수량 변화)

  • Ju, Jung-II;Choi, Hyun-Gu;Gang, Young-Sik;Lee, Joung-Jun;Park, Ki-Hun;Lee, Hee-Bong
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.111-120
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    • 2009
  • There are barley, wheat, oat, rye and triticale winter cereal crops for whole crop silage. These small grains have been suitable to use for round-baled silage making as livestock feed. Studies were carried out to understand the growth and productivity of five winter cereals grown at paddy field in middle region of South Korea. The ratio of culm weight per plant were described by quadratic function for 5 winter cereals crops. The peak of culm ratio were 1 May in barley variety 'Youngyang', 5 May in wheat variety Keumkang', 10 May in rye 'Gogu'(Rye), 11 May in triticale variety 'Shinyoung' and 13 June in oat variety 'Samhan', respectively. The ratio of leaf per plant were linearly decreased by growing. In barley and oat, the ratio of spike weight per plant were linearly increased after heading, but in wheat and triticale, it were not accumulated at one time after heading and rapidly increased after fertilization. The ratio of spike weight per plant in barley was outstandingly higher than that of wheat, triticale, rye and oat, respectively. So, barley variety 'Youngyang' recommended for whole crop forage use was suitable for forage use because of high at ratio of the leaf and spike. The proper cutting date by the percentage of dry matter for baled-silage making, 30$[\sim}$40%, were 25 May in barley variety 'Youngyang', 25 May to 5 June in wheat variety 'Keumkang' and triticale variety 'Shinyoung', 15 May in rye 'Gogu' and 5 June in oat variety 'Samhan', respectively. The total aerial fresh weight accumulation at different cutting dates were described by quadratic function for barley, wheat and triticale. The forage fresh yield were peaked at 7 May in barley, 14 May in wheat, 17 May in triticale and late of May in oat, respectively. The dry matter yields of four small cereals were linearly increased after over-wintering. The yield at the date of proper harvesting time by water content for baled silage making were sequently high oat, barley, wheat, triticale and rye. The relative growth rate was relatively high in rye at early cutting but high in oat at late cutting. In barley, wheat and triticale, the rate were similar.

A New Approach to Mobile Device Design - focused on the Communication Tool & it's GUI for Office Workers in the Near Future - (모바일 기기 디자인의 새로운 접근 - 근 미래 작업환경에서의 커뮤니케이션 도구 디자인과 GUI 연구를 중심으로 -)

  • Yang, Sung-Ho
    • Archives of design research
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    • v.19 no.2 s.64
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    • pp.31-42
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    • 2006
  • This study originates from the following critical mind; what will the office of the future be like? and what technology will we rely upon most to communicate with colleagues or to access business information. In the office environment today, new technology has compelled new work paradigm and has greatly affected the capabilities of the individual to work in a more productive and efficient manner. However, even though new computer technology has changed the business world so rapidly, it is very difficult to see the changes that have been taken place. As an aim of the study, creating a mobile tool for office workers that successfully supports their work and communication was explored, and this study explored future work environment with a 5 years technological and social perspective. As a result of this study, the bON brings new visions to the mobile professionals via various interfaces. The bON, a mobile device, is both a system of work and of communication for office workers. The bON, as an integrated tool for working and communicating, forms the basis for a mobile information gateway that is equally capable of functioning as a mobile desk. The basic underlying idea is that all formal meeting places and hallways in the office are equipped with large wall-mounted screens. The bON collaborates with these media in various ways to enhance productivity and efficiency. The main challenge for the bON to enhance both mobility and quality of information is using new technology including bendable and flexible display and soft material display and sensors. To answer for the strong needs for mobility, the whole size of the device is fairly small while the screen is rolled inside the device. For Graphical User Interface, moreover, a new technique called Multi-layering Interface was adopted to stretch user's visual limits and suggests new direction in designing mobile device, equipped with small size display.

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Changes in Components and Peptides during Fermentation of Cheonggookjang (청국장 발효시의 성분 변화 및 펩티드의 생성)

  • Ann, Yong-Geun
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.124-131
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    • 2011
  • We analyzed content and peptides in order to investigate the productivity from Cheonggookjang(fast-fermented soybean paste), fermenting it for 180 hours at $40^{\circ}C$. Results showed that pH was 7.07 at the start and became 7.41 in 24 hours, it eventually increased to 8.63 after 180 hours. Acidity was 0.2 in 12 hours, 0.5 in 12 hours, and then remained on 0.1 thereafter. Total sugar was 1.54 mg/$m\ell$ at the start, but it gradually decreased to 0.76 mg/$m\ell$ after the lapse of 48 hours, and 1.0 mg/$m\ell$ in 120 hours, and finally 0.8 mg/$m\ell$ in 180 hours. Reducing sugar was 0.14 mg/$m\ell$ at the start, and 0.88 mg/$m\ell$ after the lapse of 24 hours, 0.64 mg/$m\ell$ in 48 hours, 0.26 mg/$m\ell$ in 72 hours, and showed no definite change untill 180 hours. The amount of free amino acid was $0.19\;{\mu}M/\ell$ at the start, and $4.88\;{\mu}M/\ell$ after the lapse of 72 hours, $4.5\;{\mu}M/\ell$ in 120 hours, and then it rapidly decreased to $0.23\;{\mu}M/\ell$ after180 hours. Absorbance of soluble protein and peptide at 280 nm was 12.4 in 48 hours, 31.12 in 120 hours, and 31.12 in 180 hours. HPLC revealed that in the fermentation process, large molecular proteins are hydrolyzed into small peptides and amino acids, and after the lapse of 48 hours the pattern became almost the same. The protease activity of Cheonggookjang was 0.011 unit/$m\ell$ after the lapse of 36 hours and then it decreased. The result shows as Cheonggookjang started its deamination of amino acid in 100 hours, it is desirable to produce peptide within 100 hours of its fermentation.

Change of Hydraulic Properties of Sand due to Fine Diatom Particle Migration (미세 Diatom 입자 이동에 의한 모래지반의 투수 특성 변화)

  • Pyo, Won-Mi;Lee, Jong-Sub;Lee, Joo Yong;Hong, Won-Taek
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.19-32
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    • 2018
  • During the process of gas hydrate extraction in the deep seabed, fine diatom particle migration occurs, which causes the seabed slope failure and the productivity deterioration of the gas hydrate. Therefore, a study related with the changes of the ground characteristics due to the fine particle migration is required. The objective of this study is to investigate the change of hydraulic properties of sand due to the migration of fine diatom particle in sandy soils. In order to simulate the sediments of the Ulleung basin gas hydrate in the East Sea, fifteen sand-diatom mixtures that have different diatom volume fractions (DVF) are prepared. During the falling head permeability tests, the coefficients of permeability are measured according to the DVF. In addition, for the simulation of the fine diatom particle migration, constant head permeability tests are conducted by applying the hydraulic pressures of 3 kPa, 6kPa, and 9 kPa on a specimen composed of two layers: a specimen with 50% DVF in upper layer and a specimen with 0% DVF in lower layer. Furthermore, the coefficient of permeability and the electrical resistivity of the migration zone are measured during the constant head permeability test. The falling head permeability tests show that the coefficient of permeability decreases as the DVF of the specimen increases. In addition, the gradient of the coefficient of permeability curve decreases in the DVF range of 10%~50% compared with that of 0%~10%, and increases above 50% in DVF. The result of constant head permeability tests shows that the coefficient of permeability decreases and electrical resistivity increases in the migration zone due to the fine diatom particle migration. This study demonstrates that fine diatom particle migration reduces the permeability of the soils and the behavior of the migration zone due to the fine diatom particle migration may be estimated based on the reversal relationship between the coefficient of permeability and the electrical resistivity.

The Effect of Application Levels of Slurry Composting and Bio-filtration Liquid Fertilizer on Soil Chemical Properties and Growth of Radish and Corn (총각무와 옥수수 재배시 SCB액비 시용수준이 토양화학성과 생육에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang, Seong-Soo;Kim, Min-Kyeong;Kwon, Soon-Ik;Kim, Myong-Suk;Yoon, Sung-Won;Ha, Sang-Gun;Kim, Yoo-Hak
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.44 no.6
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    • pp.1306-1313
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    • 2011
  • A liquid fertilizer treated with slurry composting and biofiltration (SCB) process has been applied increasingly on agricultural field but the effects on the soil properties and crop production has not been throughly evaluated. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the SCB application on soil chemical properties and the growth of radish and corn. SCB liquid fertilizer as a basal fertilization was treated with five levels based on $6kg\;10a^{-1}$ for radish and $10kg\;10a^{-1}$ for corn. The experimental design was the completely randomized block design with five levels and three replicates. Electrical conductivity (EC), $NO_3$-N, Exch. K and Exch. Na increased depending on the treatment levels of SCB. There were no changes in soil organic matter, Avail. $P_2O_5$, Exch. Ca and Exch. Mg. EC, $NO_3$-N and Exch. Na content decreased as precipitation increased. Especially, they decreased up to the initial condition before the treatment after the heavy rainy season in 2008. Although Exch. K decreased at the rainy season, they remained relatively higher content after the experiment on August, 2008. Fresh weight and the amount of N uptake of radish increased due to the levels of SCB, but corn did not present any significant increase. It is recommended that we need to decide the proper amount of SCB as well as the application method on the field to increase the productivity and decrease environmental stress. Additional experiments also need to clarify the effect of the trace element and heavy metal accumulations due to long term application of SCB.

Assessment of Silicate Fetilizers Application Affecting Soil Properties in Paddy Field (논토양에서 규산질비료 시용이 토양 환경에 미치는 영향)

  • Joo, Jin-Ho;Lee, Seung-Been
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.44 no.6
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    • pp.1016-1022
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    • 2011
  • Application of silicate fertilizers is typically practiced with several year's interval to amend soil quality and improve rice productivity at the paddy field in Korea. Most of silicate fertilizers applied in Korea is slag-originated silicate fertilizer. Some water soluble silicate fertilizers are manufactured and commercially available. The objective of this study was to assess changes of soil chemical properties in paddy field by applying slag-originated silicate fertilizer and water soluble silicate fertilizer. Field experiment was conducted on a silt loam paddy soil, where four levels of each silicate fertilizer were applied in soil at the rate of 0, 1, 2, 4 times of the recommended levels. Application of slag-originated silicate fertilizer increased soil pH, while no significant pH increase occurred with the treatment of water soluble silicate fertilizers. Soil pH increased 0.4~0.5 with the 1 time of recommended level of slag-originated silicate fertilizer. Available $SiO_2$ contents also significantly increased with the treatment of slag-originated silicate fertilizer at 15 and 35 days after treatment, while decreased after 60 days after treatment possibly due to rice uptake. Exchangeable Ca, Mg and available phosphate contents in soil increased with application of slag-originated silicate fertilizer, while a little increases for them were shown with the application of soluble silicate fertilizer. $SiO_2$/N ratios in rice straw for 1 time of recommended level of slag-originated silicate fertilizer was 11.5, while that of control was 8.4, which was much lower value. Throughout this study, soil application of slag-originated silicate fertilizer enhanced soil chemical properties, while water soluble silicate fertilizer application in soil needs further study resulting in a little effects on soil property.

Effect of micro-environment in ridge and southern slope on soil respiration in Quercus mongolica forest

  • Lee, Jae-Seok
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.210-218
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    • 2018
  • Background: Soil respiration (Rs) is a major factor of the absorption and accumulation of carbon through photosynthesis in the ecosystem carbon cycle. This directly affects the amount of net ecosystem productivity, which affects the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem. Understanding the characteristics of Rs is indispensable to scientifically understand the carbon cycle of ecosystems. It is very important to study Rs characteristics through analysis of environmental factors closely related to Rs. Rs is affected by various environmental factors, such as temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, litter supply, organic matter content, dominant plant species, and soil disturbance. This study was conducted to analyze the effects of micro-topographical differences on Rs in forest vegetation by measuring the Rs on the ridge and southern slope sites of the broadly established Quercus mongolica forest in the central Korean area. Method: Rs, Ts, and soil moisture data were collected at the southern slope and ridge of the Q. mongolica forest in the Mt. Jeombong area in order to investigate the effects of topographical differences on Rs. Rs was collected by the closed chamber method, and data collection was performed from May 2011 to October 2013, except Winter seasons from November to April or May. For collecting the raw data of Rs in the field, acrylic collars were placed at the ridge and southern slope of the forest. The accumulated surface litter and the soil organic matter content (SOMC) were measured to a 5 cm depth. Based on these data, the Rs characteristics of the slope and ridge were analyzed. Results: Rs showed a distinct seasonal variation pattern in both the ridge and southern slope sites. In addition, Rs showed a distinct seasonal variation with high and low Ts changes. The average Rs measurements for the two sites, except for the Winter periods that were not measured, were $550.1\;mg\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ at the ridge site and $289.4\;mg\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ at the southern slope, a difference of 52.6%. There was no significant difference in the Rs difference between slopes except for the first half of 2013, and both sites showed a tendency to increase exponentially as Ts increased. In addition, although the correlation is low, the difference in Rs between sites tended to increase as Ts increased. SMC showed a large fluctuation at the southern slope site relative to the ridge site, as while it was very low in 2013, it was high in 2011 and 2012. The accumulated litter of the soil surface and the SOMC at the depth range of 0~5 cm were $874g\;m^{-2}$ and 23.3% at the ridge site, and $396g\;m^{-2}$ and 19.9% at the southern slope site. Conclusions: In this study, Rs was measured for the ridge and southern slope sites, which have two different results where the surface litter layer is disturbed by strong winds. The southern slope site shows that the litter layer formed in autumn due to strong winds almost disappeared, and while in the ridge site, it became thick due to the transfer of litter from the southern slope site. The mean Rs was about two times higher in the ridge site compared to that in the southern slope site. The Rs difference seems to be due to the difference in the amount of litter accumulated on the soil surface. As a result, the litter layer supplied to the soil surface is disturbed due to the micro-topographical difference, as the slope and the change of the community structure due to the plant season cause heterogeneity of the litter layer development, which in turn affects SMC and Rs. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce and understand these micro-topographical features and mechanisms when quantifying and analyzing the Rs of an ecosystem.

Nomad Thinking Implied in Duchamp's Readymades (뒤샹의 레디메이드에 함의된 노마드적 사유)

  • Song, Hayoung
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.215-222
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    • 2021
  • Duchamp chose readymades mainly for his denial of retinal painting and his desire and fluid thinking for changes inside him. His thinking is well presented in his readymade works. One of his early readymades, Bicycle Wheel, expresses correlations between beings and capital. Its essence is capital and the desire of beings. It is connected to Desire or Desire-Machine proposed as a social reform and creation model by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Bicycle Wheel does not simply end in desire relations between capital and beings, though. When the desire of beings is converted into positive desire, it can keep inventing and creating something that is repetitive, fluid, and new. Duchamp tried to convey this positive desire through his readymade Fountain. Duchamp created a ready-made article toilet into a work of art in Fountain, being driven by desire flowing inside him. This is connected to the attributes of nomads that refused to settle down and continue to flow in search of new landscapes. This way of his thinking is clearly reflected in his Box in a Valise. He was motivated to create this work by his fluid thinking. In this work, various situations can unfold often according to the directions of two elements, place and arrangement. Here, place guarantees fluidity, and arrangement variability or desire. According to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, fluidity represents nomads with the characteristics of flow and variation, and desire represents productivity or production or creation. Box in a Valise represents nomads themselves. The nomads defined by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari keep flowing and create a new world. They are in line with the thinking of Duchamp that refused to settle down at one place and escape from the old order to create a new artistic world. This type of nomads can be called revolutionists or creators that acknowledge differences and create. Nomads also contain the concept of resistance to the old order. Deleuze and Guattari proposed a war machine as a model of this resistance. Duchamp and his readymades can thus be called war machines.