• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.402-408
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• 2003

A quantitative method was suggested for estimating damages in fishery production due to the diffusion and deposition of suspended silt and clay by various construction processes in tidal flat fishing grounds. Marine populations are maintained through the process of spawning, growth, recruitment, natural death and death by fishing each year. All of the year classes of the population in a fishery ground could be affected when damages occur by human activities such as land filling or reclamation. The propose of this study is to calculate damages in terms of fishery production using a quantitative population dynamic method. If the maximum age in the population is $X_\lambda,$ the starting year of damage is $t_s,$ and the ending year of damage is $t_e,$ the number of year classes damaged is $t_{s-n\lambda}-t_e,$ Many year classes present in the year $t_s,$ and so if damages occur, they Influence all the year classes which are present in the population. Damaged year classes in year $t_e$ would still be in the population until the year $t_{e+n\lambda}$, where $n_{\lambda}$ is the oldest age class. If the expected yield of a year class is constant, the total yield from year classes in the fishing ground during the construction periods can be calculated as follows: $Y_\Phi=[(t_e-t_s+1)+n_c]{\cdot}Y_E+\sum\limits^{n_\lambda-n_c}_{l=1}\;\sum\limits^{n_\lambda-n_c}_{l=i}\;Y_{n_c+i}$ This method was applied for damage estimation in the production of Ruditapes philippinarum in a tidal flat fishing ground.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1263-1266
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of some production factors on commercial production of Etawah Crossbred Goats (ECG) of Inpres Desa Tertinggal member groups (AKIDT) at Krasak, Pandansari, Brajan, and Kragilan villages in Boyolali regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The study was from February to April 2000. Eighty respondents of AKIDT were selected by simple random sampling and the data were analyzed using Cobb Douglas Production Function. The results showed that ECG production simultaneously were highly significant (p<0.01) influenced by amount of feed consumed (kg TDN/year, $x_1$), number of does of ECG (Animal Unit/year, $x_2$), number of kids and does/ barn/year (Animal Unit/year, $x_3$), labor use (man-days/year, $x_4$) and work capital (US$/year, $x_5$) with $R^2= 0.6568$. In addition, ECG production was partially influenced by $x_2$, $x_3$ and $x_5$ (p<0.01) and $x_1$ (p<0.05), but not significant (p>0.05) by $x_4$. Technically, production factors of $x_1$, $x_2$, $x_3$, $x_4$, $x_5$ had reached technique efficiency (0$x_1$, $x_3$, $x_4$, $x_5$ did not showed efficiency (Ep<1) and $x_2$ was not efficient yet.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.328-335
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• 2017

Background: Some researchers have attempted to evaluate the ecological function of various additional services, away from the main point of view on the timber production of Korean forests. However, basic data, evaluation models, or studies on the absorption of air pollutants related to major plant communities in Korea are very rare. Therefore, we evaluated the functional value of the forest ecosystem in Gongju-city. Plantation manual for air purification, supplied from the Ministry of Environment in Japan, was referred to process and method for assessment of air pollutant absorption. Results: Gross primary production was calculated about average 18.2 t/ha/year. It was a relatively low value in forests mixed with deciduous broad and evergreen coniferous compared to pure coniferous forest. Net primary production was the highest value in deciduous coniferous and was the lowest value in mixed forest with deciduous broad and evergreen broad. And the mean sequestration amount of each air pollutant per unit area per year assessed from gross primary production and concentration of gas was the highest with 75.81 kg/ha/year in $O_3$ and was 16.87 and 6.04 kg/ha/year in $NO_2$ and $SO_2$, respectively. In addition, total amounts of $CO_2$ absorption and $O_2$ production were 716,045 t $CO_2$/year and 520,760 t $O_2$/year in all forest vegetation in Gongju-city. Conclusions: In this study, we evaluated the absorption ability of air pollutant in 2014 on forest in Gongju-city area. Gongju-city has the broad mountain area about 70.3%, and area of deciduous broad leaves forest was established the broadest with 47.4% of genus Quercus. Pg was calculated about average 18.2 t/ha/year. The mean sequestration amount of each air pollutant per unit area per year assessed from Pg and $C_{gas}$ was the highest with 75.81 kg/ha/year in $O_3$ and were 16.87 and 6.04 kg/ha/year in $NO_2$ and $SO_2$, respectively. Absorption rates of $O_3$, $NO_2$, and $SO_2$ were the highest in evergreen coniferous forest about $14.87kgO_3/ha/year$, $3.30kgNO_2/ha/year$, $1.18kgSO_2/ha/year$, and the lowest were $5.95kgO_3/ha/year$, $1.32kgNO_2/ha/year$, and $0.47kgSO_2/ha/year$ in deciduous broad forest. In conclusion, it was evaluated that Japanese model is suitable for estimating air pollutants in Japan to Korean vegetation. However, in Korea, there is a very limited basic data needed to assess the ability of forests to absorption of air pollutants. In this study, the accuracy of a calculated value is not high because the basic data of trees with similar life form are used in evaluation.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.229-239
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• 1980

A various kinds of harmful gases in the gallery and the increasing quantity of in-flow water are the important factors causing mainly the decline in production. In this thesis, the increase and decrease of in-flow water which effects the out put have been investigated and analysed in the statistical method. Through the results obtained together with the stastistical data some typical interreation formula between the quantity of in-flow water and production have been induced and the productive percentage in season was examined with special reference to Changsung Coal Mine. The formulas are as fallows: (1) Underground in-flow water to production; $Y=-5.74x^2+108.9x+6,346.6$ where, Y: production(tons/day): x:in-flow water($m^3/min$), (2) Rain and Snow fall to production; P=6.555-1.591 R+1.282S where, P;production(tons/day); R:rain fall(mm); S : snowfall(cm), (3) Productivity ratio in season compared with the average annual production; 1st quarter of year:100.1%, 2nd quarter of year: 100.3%, 3rd quarter of year: 97.2%, 4th quarter of year: 102.4%.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.141-161
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• 1970

The outline of general trend on production, consumption and price of non-ferrous metals during 1969 is summerized in the paper. The production of every non-ferrous metals has increased compare to that of last year, and their consumption except silver has also increased. Specially the rate of growth of production is that; The rate of growth of consumption is such; The prices of gold and silver have decreased since last November due to the stability of international currency and the creation of S.D.R. at I.M.F., but those of other metals have increased, marking the price at the end of 1969 as follows: Cupper price of Foreign Refinery showed ¢72.471/lb(increased 39% per year), lead and Zinc jumped up to the highest price since the Korean War (1951-1953), showing the lead price ¢16.50/lb (increased 27% per year) and the zinc price ¢15.50/lb (increased 15% per year). Price of tungsten was higher than the agreed price that was made between Korea and U.S.A. during 1951 through 1954, showing $63.4/S.T.U. (increased 13% per year). The price of molybdenum was slightly increased from $1.62 to $1.72 (increased 6% per year). In summing up, the year of 1969 was the golden age for the nonferrous metals. It is, hawever, expected that in the next few years, the consumption rate and the prices of non-ferrous metals will be declined compared to those of 1969.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.281-288
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• 2004

The change in relationships between methane production and sulfate reduction was investigated in reclaimed rice field soils at different time points after reclamation of tidal flat in Korea. Sulfate concentrations of soils in the ca. 60-year-old and 26-year-old reclaimed rice fields were much lower than that in a natural tidal flat. During 60 d of anaerobic incubation, total methane production and sulfate consumption of the soil slurries were 7.0 ${\mu}$mol $CH_4$/g and 8.2 ${\mu}$mol $SO_4^{2-}$/g in the 60-year-old rice field, 5.6 ${\mu}$mol $CH_4$/g and 12.7 mmol $SO_4^{2-}$/g in the 26-year-old rice field, and ca. 0 mmol $CH_4$/g and 22.4 ${\mu}$mol $SO_4^{2-}$/g in a natural tidal flat. Relative percent electron flow through sulfate reduction in the 60-year-old rice field was much lower (50.8%) compared with the 26-year-old rice field (69.3%) and the tidal flat (99.9%). The addition of an inhibitor of methanogenesis (2-bromoethanesulfonate) had no effect on sulfate reduction in the soil slurries of the reclaimed rice fields. However, instant stimulation of methane production was achieved with addition of an inhibitor of sulfate reduction (molybdate) in the soil slurries from the 26-year-old reclaimed rice field. The specific inhibitor experiments suggest that the relationship of methanogenesis and sulfate reduction might become mutually exclusive or syntrophic depending on sulfate content in the soil after reclamation. Sulfate, thus sulfate reduction activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, would be an important environmental factor that inhibits methane production and determines the major pathway of electron and carbon flow in anaerobic carbon mineralization of reclaimed rice field soils.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.185-198
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• 2001

본 연구는 잣나무 성숙임분을 대상으로 임령별 국지 기후 조건을 지형기후학적 방법과 공간통계 기법에 의하여 추정하여 잣나무 임분의 연도별 생식생장에 미치는 국지기후의 영향을 구명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 지형-기후 관계식을 이용하여 연구 대상지의 평균기온, 최고기온, 최저기온, 상대습도, 강수량, 일조시수, 맑은 날수, 흐린 날수에 대하여 월별ㆍ기후치별 평년 값을 도출하고, 공간통계기법에 의하여 연도별ㆍ월별 기후치를 산출하였다. 또한 연구 대상지의 잣나무 임분에 대한 연도별 구과 및 종자 결실량, 낙과량, 형질 등 생식생장의 특성을 파악하였다. 이상의 자료에 근거하여 잣나무 성숙임분의 생식생장에 미치는 국지기후의 영향을 상관분석 및 회귀분석을 통하여 구명한 격과는 다음과 같다. 1년생 구과의 착과수는, 화아분화 연도의 6월과 7월의 평균 일 최저기온, 화아분화 연도의 6월과 7월의 총 강수량, 화아분화 연도 11월 부터 개화수분당년도 4월까지의 흐린 날수 합계와 높은 부의 상관이 인정되어, 화아분화 연도의 강수량이 적고 일조시간이 많으면 착과수도 많아지는 것으로 파악되었다. 2년생 구과의 결실량과 유의적인 상관관계를 나타낸 기후지수가 없었다. 다만 가장 상관계수가 높은 지수로는 결실전년(개화수분당년) 12월부터 결실년도 2월까지 3개월간의 겨울철 강수량이 정의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 낙과량에 영향을 미친 기후요소는 개화수분당년 6월부터 익년 8월까지 15개월 간의 흐린 날수 합계와 개화수분당년 11월부터 익년 3월까지 동계 5개월 간의 강수량이 상관이 높은 것으로 나타났고, 낙과율에 있어서는 개화수분당년 6월부터 익년 8월까지 15개월간의 흐린날수 합계가 가장 영향을 많이 미치는 기후지수로 판명되었다. 구과의 쭉정이량은 구과 성숙 이전의 동계 3개월 간의 강수량과 가장 높은 상관을 보이고 있었으며, 쭉정이율의 경우에는 상대적으로 많은 5개의 기후 지수와 10% 이내의 높은 상관관계를 인정할 수 있었는데, 특히 구과 성숙 이전의 동계 3∼5개월 간의 강수량과 높은 정의 상관관계를 보여 동계기간동안 강수량이 많으면 광합성량이 감소하여 임목의 영양상태가 불건전하게 됨으로써 수정에 방해가 되고 종국적으로는 불량한 종자의 비율이 높아지는 결과를 초래하는 것으로 보인다. 구과무게는 개화수분당년 6월 부터 익년(결실년도) 8월까지 15개월 간의 강수량과 부의 상관을 보여, 수분이후 결실과정까지 강수량이 많으면 광합성에 장애를 주어 구과 1개의 무게가 상대적으로 적어지는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 종자 1개의 평균무게는 결실전 동계기간동안의 강수량 높은부의 상관을 보여 겨울철 강수량이 많으면 광합성율이 저하되고 이는 다시 종자 때의 무게가 적어지는 결과를 보이는 것으로 판단된다. 구과피무게는 결실 전년 11월부터 익년 3월까지 5개월 간의 맑은 날수와 겨울철인 12월부터 2월까지 3개월 간의 맑은 날수와 부의 상관을 보인 반면에, 결실 전년도 5월의 평균기온과는 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 구과피율의 경우에도 구과피 무게와 동일한 경향을 보여, 결실전 동계기간동안의 맑은 날수는 종자생산에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 반면, 결실 전년도 5월의 평균기온이 높으면 부정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 파악되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.997-1002
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• 2005

The objective of this experiment was to determine agronomic characteristics, and forge yield and quality responses of rye variety to location and year for a double-cropping system in South Korea. Five forage rye varieties ('Koolgrazer', 'Jlee select', '9909', 'Homill22', 'Danko') were evaluated for forage quality and yields during the two growing years (the First year; 2001-2002, and the Second year; 2002-2003) at two locations (the central and southern zone). The heading date of rye in the central zone (Cheonan) was 15 April, and that of the southern zone (Daegu) was 10 April. The heading dates of 'Koolgrazer', 'Jlee select' and '9909' were earlier than those of the others. Although the five varieties had resistance to foliar diseases and insects, these had less lodging resistance. Dry matter (DM) content, DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields had significant differences among rye varieties. DM and TDN yields of the rye varieties at the second year were higher than the first year in the central zone. In the southern zone, DM and TDN yields at the first year were lower than the second year. 'Jlee select' and '9909' had higher DM and TDN yields than the other varieties in both location and year except the first year of the central zone (p<0.001). The crude protein (CP) contents of rye grown in Cheonan were higher than Daegu. The CP content of 'Danko' variety was highest among tested varieties. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents were greater for the varieties grown in Cheonan and in the second year. The ADF and NDF contents of 'Danko' were lowest, while 'Danko' in TDN and relative feed value (RFV) was highest among rye varieties. Our study showed that there are differences in forage production and quality from location to location, year to year and variety to variety. Therefore, forage quality and forage production are an important factor for screening forage rye varieties. Early maturing varieties should be recommended as high-yielding forage in a double-cropping system because their production of forage was greatest early in the season.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.83-95
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• 1988

Phytomass, annual net production, respiration, annual gros production and litter fall were estimated in young Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantations reforested 1,2,3,6,9 and 11 years ago, respectivly. The estimated phytomasses in terms of allometry were 0.07, 0.44, 0.58, 13.37, 32.26 and 48.42ton/ha/yr for annual net production and those of understory with harvest method were 3.70, 4.52, 5.28, 6.72, 7.56 and 5.72ton/ha for standing phytomass and 5.01, 4.71, 5.52m 6.15, 4.51 and 2.08 ton/ha/yr for annual net production at 1,2,3,6,9 and 11 year old plantation, respectively. Although the standing phytomass of understory increased gradually until 9 years thereafter decreased, that of white pine increased suddenly from 6 years after reforestation. The ratios of the annyal net production of understory to that of white pine were 71.57, 1.48 and 0.23 at 1,6 and 11 year old plantations, respectively. The net production in calorie value for whole vegetation of the plantations, respectively. The net production in calorie value for whole vegetation of the plantations increased until 9 years thereafter decreased; i.e. 224, 221, 280, 466, 527 and 494X105 kcal/ha/yr at 1,2,3,6,9 and 11 year old plantation, respectivey. The ratio of annual net production to annual gross production of the undersoty was lower than that of the pine at the same plantation age. Efficiency of solat energy untilization for net production by the pine was lower than that by understory y\until six ear old plantation but that was vice versa over 9 year old plantation. That for gross producrion by the pine was lower than that by the unsersotry at all plantations.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.360-370
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• 2019

Woody crops cultivated in short-rotation coppices are attractive sources of lignocellulosic materials for bioethanol production, since they are some of the most abundant renewable resources. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the growth period on bioethanol production using short-rotation woody crops (Populus nigra ${\times}$ Populus maxiwiczii, Populus euramericana, Populus alba ${\times}$ Populus glandulosa, and Salix alba). The carbohydrate contents of 3-year-old and 12-year-old short-rotation woody crop branches were 62.1-68.5% and 64.0-67.1%, respectively. The chemical compositions of 3-year-old and 12-year-old short-rotation woody crop branches did not vary significantly depending upon the growth period. However, the 3-year-old short-rotation woody crop branches (glucose conversion: 26-40%) were hydrolyzed more easily than their 12-year-old counterparts (glucose conversion: 19-24%). Furthermore, following the fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysates from the crop branch samples (by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7296) to ethanol, the ethanol concentration of short rotation coppice woody crops was found to be higher in the 3-year-old branch samples (~ 0.18 g/g dry matter) than in the 12-year-old branch samples (~ 0.14 g/g dry matter). These results suggest that immature wood (3-year-old branches) from short-rotation woody crops could be a promising feedstock for bioethanol production.