• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 1994

The indonesian government wishes to increase farmers' by encouraging dairy farming. Since 1980, imported dairy cattle have been distributed on credit. Survey data from 1990 were used to study the average milk sales per cow and the economic parameters of dairy production of a sample of farm households on seven milk cooperatives East Java Province, in three agro-ecological areas, oriented to sugar cane, cassava and horticulture, respectively. in general, dairy production proved not to be economically attractive as returns to labour were similar to the rates for agricultural labour. The returns showed marked differences among the three areas studied. They were highest in the horticultural area. Analysis of the dairy units according to size showed a tendency for inputs as well as revenue per cow to decline as herd size increased. It is argued that a further increase in milk production in East Java can be stimulated by raising the farm gate price of milk, or by expanding dairy production into suitable, new areas.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.64-77
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• 2018

Horseshoe Canyon 석탄층 메탄가스 광구 4개 생산정의 생산이력과 압력 시험자료를 바탕으로 물질평형법과 감퇴곡선법을 이용하여 원시부존량을 예측하는 연구를 수행하였다. 물질평형법은 전통가스 물질평형법과 Jensen and Smith법을 이용하였고, 감퇴곡선법은 Arps 경험식과 Khaled 법을 이용하였다. 그 결과, 전통가스 물질평형법과 Jensen and Smith법을 이용한 경우의 차이는 12% 이내로 부존량 예측에 큰 차이는 없고, 감퇴곡선법을 적용한 경우, 감퇴지수가 1이상, 최대 3.5에 이르러, Arps 방정식을 이용하면 부존량이 무한대로 산출되므로 Khaled 법을 적용하는 것이 적절하였다. 전통가스 물질평형방정식을 이용한 부존량 예측 결과와 Khaled 법을 이용한 예측 결과의 차이는 8.67% ~ 31.04% 였고, Jensen and Smith 방정식과 Khaled 법을 이용한 부존량 예측 결과의 차이는 13.67% ~ 26.49%로 후자의 경우가 차이가 더 적었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2000년도 추계 학술대회지
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• pp.12-27
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• 2000

During the recent decades, he problem of climate variability and change has been in the forefront of scientific problems. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of climate variability on crop growth and yield. The growth duration was the main impact of climate variability on crop yield. Phyllochronterval was shortened in the global worming situations. A simple model to describe developmental traits was provided from heading data of directly seeded rice cultivars and temperature data. Daily mean development rate could be explained by the average temperature during the growth stage. Simple regression equation between daily mean development rate(x) and the average temperature(y) during the growth period as y = ax + b. It can be simply modified as x = 1/a $\ast$ (y-b). The parameters of the model could depict the thermo sensitivity of the cultivars. On the base of this model, the three doubled CO2 GCM scenarios were assessed. The average of these would suggest a decline in rice production of about 11% if we maintained the current cultivars. Future cultivar's developmental traits could be suggested by the two model parameters.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2018

The present status of the mold industry, including the size of the mold industry in Korea, its position in the global market, the production of the mold industry, import and export, and recent trends in the mold industry were examined. The survey was implemented for the trends fo dies and molds industry in 2017 by answers on business environment for Korean Mold Industry Cooperative Union members. The sharp decline in plastic mold exports in 2015 led to a decline in overall exports. China and Japan account for a very large share of mold exporting countries, but exports to emerging markets such as India, Mexico and Vietnam contributed to the overall increase in mold exports. China, Japan, India, the United States and Mexico were named as exporting countries with more than US $ 200 million, and Vietnam showed similar tendency as a major exporter. A survey conducted by the Korea Mold Industry Cooperative Association showed that the decrease in production and exports was predicted. In order to overcome the difficulties of the mold industry, the need for research on the linkage of the mold industry and technology to the wave of the fourth industrial revolution has increased.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.923-930
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• 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic weakened the small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector. The decline in turnover is one that is felt by the batik industry in East Java, and the decline in turnover in the batik industry is very drastic. This research was conducted to prove the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on SMEs in the batik industry. One model is proposed to prove the existence of an increase in the performance of the batik industry's SMEs by implementing a customer relationship management strategy, business strategy, and market orientation. The study population was the batik industry entrepreneurs in East Java, Indonesia, using SEM analysis based on Amos, purposive sampling method, and a sample of 180 respondents. The results showed that the model was accepted. The results also show that customer relationship management and business strategy contributed to the performance of SMEs, while market orientation did not contribute to the performance of SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. To be able to maintain the sustainability of the company, the steps taken by the company are to lay off some of the employees, and during the production period the production stops, and focus on selling goods that have been previously produced.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.298-308
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• 2019

This work deals with the membrane fouling mode and the unclogging in seawater ultrafiltration process. The identification of the fouling mechanism by modeling the experimental flux decline was performed using both the classical models of Hermia and the combined models of Bolton. The results show that Bolton models did not bring more precise information than the Hermia's and the flux decline can be described by one of the four Hermia's models since the backwash interval is ${\leq}60$ min. An experimental screening study has been then conducted to choose among 5 parameters (backwash interval, duration, pulses and the flow-rate or injected hypochlorite concentration) those that are the most influential on the fouling and the net water production. It has emerged that fouling is mainly affected by the backwash interval; its prolongation from 30 to 60 min engenders an increase in the reversible fouling and a decrease in the irreversible fouling. This later is also significantly reduced when the hypochlorite concentration increases from 4.5 to 10 ppm. Moreover, the net water production significantly increases with increasing the filtration duration up to 60 min and decreases with decreasing the backwash duration and backwash flow-rate from 10 to 40 s and from 15 to ${\geq}20L.min^{-1}$, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

Genetic variability is an important component in the ability of populations to adapt in the face of environmental change. Severe human impacts reduced Muzzafarnagri sheep of India from 500,000 in 1972 to 10,989 in 1973-74. Here we report for the first time the effect of this population decline on levels of genetic variability at 13 FAO recommended ovine microsatellite loci and contrast levels of variability to that in a breed from the same geographical region, which differed in numbers, by an order of magnitude (Marwari sheep). Of the 13 loci, 100% were polymorphic in both breeds. A high degree of genetic variation was observed within populations in terms of both allele diversity (number of alleles per locus, >4) and gene diversity (expected heterozygosity, >0.5), which implied that there is still a substantial amount of genetic diversity at the nuclear loci in a declining population. Nevertheless, overall low number of alleles per locus and relatively less abundance of low frequency alleles in Muzzafarnagri sheep suggested that genetic variability has been comparatively reduced in this population. Bottleneck analysis indicated that a genetic bottleneck did not occur during the most recent decline. In addition, we found that the differentiation among populations was moderate ($F_{ST}$= 11.8%). This study on assessment of genetic effects of the population declines in ovines is a step towards identification of genetically impoverished or healthy populations, which could prove to be a useful tool to facilitate conservation planning in this important species of small ruminants.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.522-528
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• 2004

Microfiltration with in-line rapid coagulation for drinking water production was examined. The in-line rapid coagulation was conducted using newly developed mixing device instantaneous flash mixer. The flux decline during membrane filtration was monitored with coagulant dosage varied. Flux decline was minimized at 1.1mg/L of coagulant dosage, where streaming potential of coagulated water was near zero. The optimum dosage for the process control was explained by dimensionless distance (${\kappa}{\times}a$) of particle pairs, obtained from electrophoresis parameter describing electrostatic repulsion relative to Van der Waals energy between particle pairs in the pre-coagulated water.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.21-23
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• 2016

There are so much oil and gas reserves in Iran. Therefore extraction from these reserves and sell extracted oil and gas in international markets causes to high oil income for Iran. Especially in some years which oil price increases, our oil income was too high. In this paper, we want to reveal that, high oil income is not cause to rise of nonoil export. For this aim, we use from data of 1971-2013 and with Johansen co-integration test and Error Correction Model (ECM) extract short run and long run relations. Results of estimation reveal that in Iran high oil income is not cause to many non oil exports in long run and short run. Therefore, we should allocate oil income to import industrial machines and reallocate them to agriculture and industrial sectors which causes to raise national production which will cause to high non oil export. Then, in this condition, our needy exchanges are provided from non oil export and our dependence to oil income will be declined.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.268-273
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• 2016

Potassium is well-known to improve turfgrass tolerance to environmental stresses such as low temperature and drought stress. Low mowing height reduces leaf area of turfgrass that is main place for photosynthesis and carbohydrate production. Closely-mowed turf would suffer from summer decline by low level of carbohydrate resulted from low photosynthesis of reduced leaf area. The objective of the study is to investigate K rate and mowing height for Kentucky bluegrass. The K rate treatments were 5, 10, and $20g\;K_2O\;m^{-2}$ for the low, medium and high K rates, respectively. The bi-weekly mowing treatment was made for treatments. Mowing was implemented at 40 and 100 mm using a rotary mower. Regardless K rates, the high mowing height would be required when the air temperature is higher than $28.5^{\circ}C$ and high turfgrass quality of Kentucky bluegrass is needed. When the air temperature is optimal for cool-season grass, the high mowing height and the low K rate is needed for the root length of Kentucky bluegrass.