• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.136-149
• /
• 1996

The effects of various All-Etching Agents (10% phosphoric acid, 10% maleic acid and 10 % citric acid) and 32 % phosphoric acid and varied etching time were evaluated by observing the morphology of the etched enamel surfaces using Scanning electron microscopy and by measuring the shear bond strength of a composite resin to human enamel. A total of 156 extracted premolar and molar teeth free of irregularities were employed in this study. Specimens for the observation of enamel morphology were divided into 12 groups of 3 teeth each, based on the type of etchant used and application time. After exposure to the etching agent specimens were washed air-dried and then glued to aluminum stubs and coated with a layer of gold for examination in the scanning electron microscope. Specimens for the evaluation of bond strength were divided into 12 groups of 10 teeth each also based on the type of etchant used and application time. After exposure to the etching agent the specimens were washed, air-dried and a thin layer of bonding agent was applied using a brush. Z 100 composite resin was light cured to the surface and stored at $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity for 7 days. An Instron Universal Testing Machine was used to apply a shearing force at $90^{\circ}$ angle from the enamel surface. It is concluded from this study that commercial All-etching agents can be used with a 15-second etching without adversely affecting retention of dental resin materials. At the same time, the acid concentration is probably a suitable compromise regarding the acid's function as a dentin demineralizing all-etch conditioning agent. The following results were obtained. 1. Specimens etched with 10 % citric acid showed a random superficial etching pattern which could not be related to prism morphology. 2. Specimens etched with 10 % and 32 % phosphoric acid and 10 % maleic acid showed a type I pattern in which core material was preferentially removed leaving the prism peripheries relatively intact or a type II pattern in which prism peripheries were preferentially removed. This delineation became more distinguished as etching time was increased. 3. All-Etching Agents and 32 % phosphoric acid showed a statistically significant higher shear bond strength at 15 seconds etching time.(p<0.05) 4. 10 % maleic acid and 32 % phosphoric acid exhibited a statistically significant higher shear bond strength than 10 % phosphoric and citric acid at 15 seconds etching time.(p<0.05).

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제34권11호
• /
• pp.1139-1150
• /
• 1997

A model for predicting the relative density and the compressive strength of open-cell ceramics with three-dimensional network structure was proposed through the interpretation of their macrostructure and fracture mechanics. The equation predicting the relative density was derived under the assumption that the open-cell structure was a periodic array of the tetrakaidecahedron unit cell consisting of cylindrical struts containing the internal hollow with the shape of a triangular prism. The model for compressive strength of open-cell ceramics with the hollow strut was also developed by modifying conventional model which based on fracture behavior of them subjected to the compressive stress. Both the relative density and the compressive strength were expressed in terms of the ratio of the strut diameter to the length together with the ratio of the hollow size to the strut diameter. The proposed model for the relative density and the compressive strength of the alumina-zirconia composite with open-cell structure were accorded well with the experimental values, whereas Gibson-Ashby and Zhang's model did not show such a good agreement.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제62권1호
• /
• pp.97-106
• /
• 2017

This paper discusses an experimental programme that was carried out to study the effects of specimen size-shape and type of moulds on the compressive strength of concrete. For this purpose, cube specimens with 150 mm dimensions, cylinder specimens with $150{\times}300mm$ dimensions, and prism specimens with $150{\times}150{\times}375mm$ dimensions were prepared. The experimental programme was carried out with several concrete compositions belonging to strength classes C20/25, C25/30, C30/37, C40/50 and C60/75. Furthermore, the test results were curve-fitted using the least squares method to obtain the new parameters for the modified size effect law.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.407-422
• /
• 2018

The study evaluates properties of brick having coal ash and explores the possibility of utilization of coal bottom ash and coal fly ash as an alternative raw material in the production of coal ash bricks. Lower cement content was used in the investigations to attain appropriate strength and prohibit high carbon content that is cause of environmental pollution. The samples use up to 7% of cement whereas sand was replaced with bottom ash. Bricks were tested for compressive strength, modulus of rupture, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), water absorption and durability. The results showed mix proportions of bottom ash, fly ash and cement as 1:1:0.15 i.e., M-15 achieved optimum values. The coal ash bricks were well bonded with mortar and could be feasible alternative to conventional bricks thus can contribute towards sustainable development.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2003년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.285-288
• /
• 2003

The compressive strength of concrete is used as the most fundamental and important material property when reinforced concrete structures are designed. It has been problem to use this value, however, because the control specimen sizes and shapes are different from every country. In this study, the effect of specimen shapes and sizes on compressive strength of concrete members was experimentally investigated based on fracture mechanics. Experiments for the mode I failure was earned out by using cylinder, cube, and prism specimens. The test results are curve fitted using least square method(LSM) to obtain the new parameters for the modified size effect law(MSEL). The analysis results show that the effect of specimen sizes and shapes on ultimate strength is apparent. The results also show stronger size effect in member when the casting direction is perpendicular to loading direction

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.133-143
• /
• 2019

The paper presents the experimental investigations into the effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) on the time-dependent tensile strength of concrete. The splitting and flexural tensile strength of concrete was determined at the ages of 3, 7, 28, 56, 90, 150 and 180 days using the cylindrical and prism specimens respectively for plain and GGBFS concrete. The amount of cement replacement by GGBFS was 0%, 40% and 60% on the weight basis. The maximum curing age was kept as 28 days. The results showed that the splitting and flexural tensile strength of concrete containing GGBFS has been found lower than the plain concrete at all ages and for all mixes. The tensile strength of 40 percent replacement has been found higher than the 60 percent at all ages and for all mixes. The rate of gain of splitting and flexural tensile strength of 40 percent GGBFS concrete is found higher than the plain concrete and 60 percent GGBFS concrete at the ages varying from 28 to 180 days. The experimental results of time-dependent tensile strength of concrete are compared with the available models. New models for the prediction of time-dependent splitting and flexural tensile strength of concrete containing GGBFS are proposed. The present experimental and analytical study will be helpful for the designers to know the time-dependent tensile properties of GGBFS concrete to meet the design requirements of liquid retaining reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.1275-1303
• /
• 2016

Steel plates and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates or plates bonded to concrete substrates have been widely used for concrete strengthening. However, this technique cause plate debonding, which makes the strengthening system inefficient. The main objective of this study is to enhance the bond strength of externally bonded steel plates and CFRP laminates to the concrete surface by proposing new embedded adhesive and steel connectors. The effects of these new embedded connectors were investigated through the tests on 36 prism specimens. Parameters such as interfacial shear stress, fracture energy and the maximum strains in plates were also determined in this study and compared with the maximum value of debonding stresses using a relevant failure criterion by means of pullout test. The study indicates that the interfacial bond strength between the externally bonded plates and concrete can be increased remarkably by using these connectors. The investigation verifies that steel connectors increase the shear bond strength by 48% compared to 38% for the adhesive connectors. Thus, steel connectors are more effective than adhesive connectors in increasing shear bond strength. Results also show that the use of double connectors significantly increases interfacial shear stress and decrease debonding failure. Finally, a new proposed formula is modified to predict the maximum bond strength of steel plates and CFRP laminates adhesively glued to concrete in the presence of the embedded connectors.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.249-256
• /
• 2020

This paper aims at investigating the effect of crumb rubber size and content on compressive behaviors of concrete under axial compression. Concrete specimens are designed and produced by replacing natural aggregate with crumb rubber content of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and three different sized crumb rubbers (No. 20, No. 40, No. 80 crumb rubber). And the failure mode, compressive strength, elastic modulus, stress-strain curves, peak strain and ultimate strain are experimentally studied. Based on the test results, formulas have been presented to determine the compressive strength, elastic modulus, the relationship between prism compressive strength and cube compressive strength, stress-strain curves and peak strain of crumb rubber concrete (CRC). It is found that the proposed formulas agree well with the test result on the whole, which may be used to practical applications.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.60-64
• /
• 2014

We report the generation of 3.3-mW single-cycle terahertz (THz) pulses at 1-kHz repetition rate via optical rectification in MgO-doped prism-cut stoichiometric LiNbO3. Efficient pulse-front tilting of 800-nm pulses was realized by an optimized single-lens focusing scheme for radially-symmetric propagation of THz beams. In this geometry, nearly-diffraction-limited THz Gaussian beams with electric field strength as high as 350 kV/cm were generated. The pump-to-THz energy conversion efficiency of $1.36{\times}10^{-3}$ and the extremely high signal-to-noise ratio of ~1:15000 achieved are among the best results for 1-kHz single-cycle terahertz pulse generation ever demonstrated in room temperature operation.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.567-580
• /
• 2005

Numerous tests on concrete structure members under local pressure demonstrated that the compressive strength of concrete at the loaded surface is increased by the confinement effect provided by the enveloping concrete. Even though most design codes propose specific criteria for preventing bearing failure, they do not take into consideration size effect which is an important phenomenon in the fracture mechanics of concrete/reinforced concrete. In this paper, six series of square prism concrete blocks with three different depths (size range = 1:4) and two different height/depth ratios of 2 and 3 are tested under concentrated load. Ultimate loads obtained from the test results are analysed by means of the modified size effect law (MSEL). Then, a prediction formula, which considers effect of both depth and height on size effect, is proposed. The developed formula is compared with experimental data existing in the literature. It is concluded that the observed size effect is in good agreement with the MSEL.